In particular, carbon nanotubes and scanning probes derived from the atomic force microscope cousin of the scanning tunnelling microscope show particular promise in enabling dramatically improved circuits and data storage devices. Research on nanoparticles leads to applications in biomedicine as well as hard disk drive storage. Photonic bandgap materials on-chip nanoscale structures the size of a wavelength of light will manipulate light as optical waveguides, splitters and routers. Molecular manufacturing is the use of programmable chemistry to build exponential manufacturing systems and high-performance products. There are several ways this can be achieved, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. This technology is coming soonalmost certainly within 20 years, and perhaps in less than a decade. When it arrives, it will come quickly. Molecular manufacturing can be built into a self-contained, tabletop factory that makes cheap products efficiently at molecular scale. The time from the first assembler to a flood of powerful and complex products may be less than a year. The book will be an indispensable source for all professionals, researchers and students in this subject and for anyone working in the related areas for acquiring an up-to-date overviews.