This volume contains nine chapters that detail advances in health and disease. Chapter One presents a review of bone remodeling physiology, existing bone turnover markers (BTMs), the relationship between BTMs and bone loss, as well as their role in fracture prediction. Chapter Two discusses the effects of Vitamin E on the male reproductive system. Chapter Three focuses on how the integration of third-country nationals (TCNs) in Greek society has been affected during the pandemic (2020-2022). Chapter Four presents the capabilities of the artificial intelligence technology Data Mining. Chapter Five details Beta-Glucans. Chapter Six discusses improving the results of endoscopic surgery for urolithiasis. Chapter Seven gives a brief explanation of psychosomatic disorders and investigates them through four approaches: biomedical, psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive abnormality. Chapter Eight aims to sum up existing scientific evidence about the efficacy of probiotic-based interventions as therapy for vulvovaginitis, highlighting the role of Lactobacillus. Lastly, Chapter Nine ensures patient safety in endoscopic surgery by studying the causes of complications, and creating measures to prevent them.