For most Americans, September 11, 2001, symbolized the moment when their security was altered. For Middle Eastern and Muslim Americans, 9/11 also ushered in a backlash in the form of hate crimes, discrimination, and a string of devastating government initiatives. This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the impact of the post-9/11 events on Middle Eastern and Muslim Americans as well as their organized response. Through fieldwork and interviews with community leaders, Anny Bakalian and Mehdi Bozorgmehr show how ethnic organizations mobilized to demonstrate their commitment to the United States while defending their rights and distancing themselves from the terrorists.
Table of Content
List of Figures and Tables
List of Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
1. Backlash against Middle Eastern and Muslim Americans
2. The Post-9/11 Backlash in Comparative and Historical Perspectives
3. Immigration Patterns, Characteristics, and Identities
4. Organizational Structures and Transformation
5. Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents
6. Government Initiatives and the Impact of the Backlash
7. Mobilization
8. Religious Accommodation, Civic Engagement, and Political Integration
Appendix. A Time Line of Government Initiatives and Actions
Notes
References
Index
About the author
Anny Bakalian is Associate Director and Mehdi Bozorgmehr is Co-Director of the Middle East and Middle Eastern American Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York. Bozorgmehr is also Associate Professor of Sociology at the City College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York.
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