The 1980s and 1990s have brought with them progress in plant chromosomal research. The chromosome has been clarified in detail, enabling identification of even gene sequences at the microscopic level, which has aided in the analysis of biodiversity. Knowledge of chromosome structure has played a crucial role on the improvement of crop species and has far-reaching implications. The manipulation and engineering of chromosomes involves novel methods, combining conventional and modern techniques of biotechnology. A working knowledge of such techniques is useful for students and researchers and the plant system, because of its totipotency, requires special treatment. This treatise covers methods involved in the study of evolution, biodiversity, and chromosome manipulation and engineering.
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