Kenneth J. J. Peak & Tamara D. D. Herold 
A Brief Introduction to Criminal Justice [EPUB ebook] 
Practice and Process

PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
PART I. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AS A SYSTEM: THE BASICS
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Criminal Justice: Essential Themes and Practices
Introduction
Foundations of Criminal Justice: Legal and Historical Bases
Crime Control and Due Process: Do Ends Justify Means?
Discretion: Making and Applying the Law
The Criminal Justice Process: An Overview of Flow and Functions
The Wedding Cake Model of Criminal Justice
Ethics Throughout the Criminal Justice System
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
Chapter 2. Foundations of Law and Crime: Nature, Elements, and Measurement
Introduction
Common Law and Its Progeny
Modern-Day Sources and Hierarchy of Law
Criminal and Civil Law
Substantive and Procedural Law
Essential Elements: Mens Rea and Actus Reus
Felonies and Misdemeanors
Offense Definitions and Categories
Measuring Crime and Victimization
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
Chapter 3. Ethical Essentials: Doing Right When No One Is Watching
Introduction
Good Examples of Bad Examples
Philosophical Foundations
Ethics in Policing
“Random Acts of Kindness”: The Hidden Side of Police Work
Ethics in the Courts
Ethical Conduct of Federal Employees
Ethics in Corrections
Ethics Tests for the Criminal Justice Student
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
PART II. THE POLICE
Chapter 4. Police Organization: Structure and Functions
Introduction
English and Colonial Roots: An Overview
Policing Comes to the United States
Federal Law Enforcement
State Agencies
Local Agencies: Municipal Police Departments and Sheriff’s Offices
Interested in a Career? Some General Considerations
On Guard: The Private Police
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
Chapter 5. Police Training, Patrolling, Investigating: Forming, Reforming, and Solving
Introduction
From Citizen to Patrol Officer
Having the “Right Stuff”: Defining the Role
Use of Discretion
Community Policing and Problem Solving
Use of Force: A Sacred Trust
From Patrol Officer to Detective: The Work of Forensics and Investigators
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
Chapter 6. Expounding The Constitution: Laws of Arrest, Search, and Seizure
Introduction
The Fourth Amendment
The Fifth Amendment
The Sixth Amendment
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
PART III. THE COURTS
Chapter 7. Court Organization: Structure, Functions, and the Trial Process
Introduction
American Courts: A Dual Court System
State Courts
Federal Courts
Making Preparations: Pretrial Processes
The Trial Process
Technologies in the Courts
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
Chapter 8. The Bench and The Bar: Those Who Judge, Prosecute, and Defend
Introduction
Those Who Would Be Judges: Selection Methods and Issues
Judges’ Benefits, Training, and Challenges
The Art of Judging, Courtroom Civility, and Judicial Misconduct
The Attorneys
Courtroom Work Group
Defenses
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
Chapter 9. Court Methods and Challenges: Sentencing and Punishment
Introduction
Purposes of Punishment
Types of Sentences to Be Served
Sentencing Guidelines
Victim Impact Statements
Capital Punishment
Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances
Criminal Appeals
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
PART IV. CORRECTIONS
Chapter 10. Prisons and Jails: Structure and Function
Introduction
Correctional Facilities as Organizations
State Prisons as Organizations
Federal Prisons
Supermax Prisons
Private Prisons
Jails as Organizations
Technologies in Correctional Facilities: Going After Contraband
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
Chapter 11. Corrections in the Community: Probation, Parole, and Other Alternatives to Incarceration
Introduction
Why Alternatives to Incarceration?
Origins of Probation and Parole
Probation and Parole Today
Functions of Probation and Parole Officers
Other Alternatives: Intermediate Sanctions
Confronting Recidivists: The Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Model
Restorative Justice
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
PART V. EXTRAORDINARY PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES
Chapter 12. On the Crime Policy and Prevention Agenda: Drug Abuse, Sex Trafficking, Terrorism, and Immigration
Introduction
America’s Drug Epidemic
Sex Trafficking
Policing Terrorism
Immigration: Who Should be Coming to America?
In a Nutshell
Key Terms & Concepts
Review Questions
Learn by Doing
ASSESS YOUR AWARENESS ANSWERS
GLOSSARY
NOTES
INDEX

Tamara D. Herold is an associate professor of criminal justice and graduate director at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). She holds a doctorate from the University of Cincinnati. Her research interests include crime opportunity structures, place management, and crowd violence. She is the recipient of UNLV’s Spanos Distinguished Teaching Award, Faculty Excellence Award, and Greenspun College of Urban Affairs Teaching Award. Her publications propose, extend, or test crime science theoretical models. They also help to translate research findings into practice and policy. Her work has appeared in various outlets, including Criminology and Justice Quarterly. She has published numerous practitioner-focused research papers, including two Problem-Oriented Policing Guides funded by the COPS Office and research monographs selected as Herman Goldstein Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing Award finalists. Her book Preventing Crowd Violence (co-edited with Johannes Knutsson), has been translated into two foreign languages. Dr. Herold serves as director of UNLV’s Crowd Management Research Council, and conducts research and training for police agencies, major sports leagues, and private industries.