The chapters in this volume of "Advances in Medicine and Biology, " present the latest research in medical research. The first chapter provides a review on the isolation of mitotic chromosomes from He La and other cells. Chapter Two discusses many new hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptive approaches for men. Chapter Three studies the risk factors associated with smoking during pregnancy. Chapter Four presents implications of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in cell cultures and bioproducts for human and animal health. Chapter Five reviews the different mechanisms associated with BVDV infection, by which BVDV triggers an impairment of the immune response, with special emphasis on its implication in the development of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD). Chapters Six and Seven examine the the diagnosis, prognosis, management and emerging treatments for Polycythemia vera (PV). The last chapter reviews evidence from experimental and clinical studies to show the potential effect of tea polyphenols on the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD).