Aerial bombardment remains important to military strategy, but the norms governing bombing and the harm it imposes on civilians have evolved. The past century has seen everything from deliberate attacks against rebellious villagers by Italian and British colonial forces in the Middle East to scrupulous efforts to avoid ‘collateral damage’ in the counterinsurgency and antiterrorist wars of today. The American Way of Bombing brings together prominent military historians, practitioners, civilian and military legal experts, political scientists, philosophers, and anthropologists to explore the evolution of ethical and legal norms governing air warfare.Focusing primarily on the United States—as the world’s preeminent military power and the one most frequently engaged in air warfare, its practice has influenced normative change in this domain, and will continue to do so—the authors address such topics as firebombing of cities during World War II; the atomic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the deployment of airpower in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya; and the use of unmanned drones for surveillance and attacks on suspected terrorists in Pakistan, Yemen, Sudan, Somalia, and elsewhere. Contributors: Tami Davis Biddle, U.S. Army War College; Sahr Conway-Lanz, Yale University Library; Neta C. Crawford, Boston University; Janina Dill, University of Oxford; Charles J. Dunlap Jr., Duke University; Matthew Evangelista, Cornell University; Charles Garraway, University of Essex; Hugh Gusterson, George Mason University; Richard W. Miller, Cornell University; Mary Ellen O’Connell, University of Notre Dame; Margarita H. Petrova, Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals; Klem Ryan, United Nations, South Sudan; Henry Shue, University of Oxford
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Introduction: The American Way of Bombing
by Matthew Evangelista Part I. Historical and Theoretical Perspectives 1. Strategic Bombardment: Expectation, Theory, and Practice in the Early Twentieth Century
by Tami Davis Biddle2. Bombing Civilians after World War II: The Persistence of Norms against Targeting Civilians in the Korean War
by Sahr Conway-Lanz3. Targeting Civilians and U.S. Strategic Bombing Norms: Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose?
by Neta C. Crawford4. The Law Applies, But Which Law?: A Consumer Guide to the Laws of War
by Charles Garraway Part II. Interpreting, Criticizing, and Creating Legal Restrictions 5. Clever or Clueless?: Observations about Bombing Norm Debates
by Charles J. Dunlap Jr.6. The American Way of Bombing and International Law: Two Logics of Warfare in Tension
by Janina Dill7. Force Protection, Military Advantage, and ‘Constant Care’ for Civilians: The 1991 Bombing of Iraq
by Henry Shue8. Civilian Deaths and American Power: Three Lessons from Iraq and Afghanistan
by Richard W. Miller Part III. Constructing New Norms 9. Proportionality and Restraint on the Use of Force: The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations
by Margarita H. Petrova10. Toward an Anthropology of Drones: Remaking Space, Time, and Valor in Combat
by Hugh Gusterson11. What’s Wrong with Drones?: The Battlefield in International Humanitarian Law
by Klem Ryan12. Banning Autonomous Killing: The Legal and Ethical Requirement That Humans Make Near-Time Lethal Decisions
by Mary Ellen O’ConnellNotes
List of Contributors
Index
Mengenai Pengarang
Matthew Evangelista is President White Professor of History and Political Science at Cornell University. He is the author of several books, including Unarmed Forces, also from Cornell, and Gender, Nationalism, and War. Henry Shue is Senior Research Fellow, Centre for International Studies, Department of Politics and International Relations and Emeritus Research Fellow, Merton College, at the University of Oxford. He is the author of Climate Justice: Vulnerability and Protection and Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy.
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