Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 174 first provides a systematic review of the synthetic route and biological activities associated with 1, 2, 4-oxadiazole, 1, 2, 5-oxadiazole and 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives. The authors discuss recent advances in understanding the enantioselective separation and biological activities of the naturally occurring chiral compounds of essential oils. Subsequently, orthobiologics are discussed in the context of their potential in the management of early osteoarthritis, particularly focusing on the treatment of cartilage injuries. Another study aims to improve our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of choroidal neovascularization and approaches how to address the issue in central serous chorioretinopathy. An overview of the lignocellulolytic enzymes secreted by A. fumigatus during biomass conversion is provided, focusing on the quantitative expression of cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, and ligninolytic enzymes and their synergetic mechanism during biomass degradation. The closing report reviews the current literature on metabolic syndrome, exploring the mechanisms proposed to better understand the role of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic aspects in the pathogenesis of this condition.