Buried waste on the seabed is a major source of pollution. But, very often, waste sites are not known until a serious problem occurs, or are not adequately mapped. Recent examples around Europe include WWI and WWII ammunition dump sites (e.g. Beufort Dyke in the UK), dumped nuclear submarines in the Arctic Seas, clandestine or hidden toxic-waste in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Even if properly documented, waste sites evolve with time (dumped material can move with currents and tides, especially on a scale of decades; toxic-material barrels can corrode and leak). This book shows the results of a concerted EU-funded effort to tackle this problem and find innovative ways to identify and map toxic waste sites on the seabed, whether they have been covered with sediments or not. These results are applicable to any region on the seabed in the entire world.
Inhoudsopgave
The SITAR Project: background, goals, project structure.- The SITAR Project: background, goals, project structure.- Methods.- The parametric side-scan sonar instrument and synthetic aperture sonar processing.- Multiple-aspect scattering (MAS) measurements.- Acoustic models for scattering.- Biotoxicity measurements: the nanoinjection technique.- Processing tools for acoustic 3D images.- Geographic Information Systems for risk assessment of seabed dumping sites.- Experimental activities.- Scaled multiple-aspect scattering tank experiments.- Full-scale tank parametric side-scan sonar test.- The sea trial site in Möja Söderfjärd: biological sampling.- Acoustic sea trial in the Müja Süderfjärd dumpsite.- Results.- Geoacoustic inversion.- Buried waste localization: the parametric, synthetic aperture, side-scan sonar.- Buried waste inspection: acoustical images and inversion from multiple-aspect scattering.- Results of the biotoxicity measurements.- 3D acoustical image analysis and feature extraction.- Evaluation.- GIS-based data presentation system.- Biotoxicological methods.- Acoustical methods.- Conclusions.- Conclusions.
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