Bertrand Badie 
A Subjective Approach to International Relations [PDF ebook] 
The Battle for Meaning

China’s growing power and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine have thrust geopolitics back to the centre of the global stage, but the old geopolitical frameworks, with their positivist methods and their emphasis on structural determinants, will not enable us to understand the increasingly dangerous world in which we are living today.
Bertrand Badie argues that states and the many other actors now operating in the international arena are products of their cultural contexts and political traditions. Their perspectives and motivations are shaped by the narratives, memories and emotions that constitute people’s everyday realities; they are therefore profoundly subjective in character and cannot be reduced to the categories of behaviour posited by traditional geopolitical frameworks like realist IR theory. In Badie’s view, international disputes in the twenty-first century are better understood through the concept of the ‘battle for meaning’, confrontations between different modes of understanding the world. His judgement is that peace and stability depend on greater sensitivity to the worldview and international perspective of other actors in the international arena. A willingness to try to see the world from the subjective perspective of one’s friends, rivals and even one’s enemies is vital.
This timely and engaging book by one of the world’s leading scholars of international relations will be of great interest to students and scholars in politics and IR and to anyone concerned about the growing tensions in the world today.

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