Jerome Frieman & Stephen Reilly 
Learning [EPUB ebook] 
A Behavioral, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Synthesis

Learning: A Behavioral, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Synthesis provides an integrated account of the psychological processes involved in learning and conditioning and their influence on human behavior. With a skillful blend of behavioral, cognitive, and evolutionary themes, the text explores various types of learning as adaptive specialization that evolved through natural selection. Robust pedagogy and relevant examples bring concepts to life in this unique and accessible approach to the field.

Spis treści

Chapter 1: Where Learning Fits Into the Big Picture

What Is Knowledge?

How Can We Study Something We Cannot See?

Defining Various Kinds of Learning by Procedures and Phenomena

The Evolution of Learning

Learning Is an Adaptive Specialization

Learning Is Part of an Integrated System of Psychological Processes

Part I: Learning to Predict Important Events

Chapter 2: The Procedure and Phenomena We Call Pavlovian Conditioning

Procedures, Phenomena, and Processes

Why We Call It Pavlovian Conditioning

Conditioned Emotional Responses

Conditioned Drug Reactions

Conditioned Food Aversions

Sign-Tracking (Autoshaping)

Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning Is an Inference Task

The Elements of Causal Inference

The Effects of CS-US Consistency in Pavlovian Conditioning

The Effects of Temporal and Spatial Contiguity on Pavlovian Conditioning

The Effects of Temporal Precedence on Pavlovian Conditioning

Chapter 4: Identifying the Predictors of Significant Events

The Salience of Stimuli

Salience and Prior Experience With Potential Conditioned Stimuli

Relative Validity in Pavlovian Conditioning

Surprise and Pavlovian Conditioning

A Mathematical Model of Pavlovian Conditioning Based on Both Salience and Surprise

Overshadowing, Relative Validty, and Blocking: Learning About the Other Stimulus

Chapter 5: The Representations of Knowledge in Pavlovian Conditioning

CS-US Associations: The Representation of Relationships in Pavlovian Conditioning

Transitive Inference and the Linking of Associations in Second-Order Conditioning

Conditioned Inhibition: Learning to Predict the Absence of the Unconditioned Stimulus

The Role of the Environmental Context in Pavlovian Conditioning

Representing the Temporal Relationships Between Events

Extinction Revisited

Chapter 6: From Knowledge to Behavior: The Forms and Functions of Conditioned Responses

Conditioned Responses: Deciding What to Measure

The Relationship Between Conditioned and Unconditioned Responses

Behavior Systems and Pavlovian Conditioning

The Functions of Pavlovian Conditioned Responses

Pavlovian Conditioning as an Adaptive Specialization

Part II: Learning About the Consequences of One’s Behavior

Chapter 7: The Procedures and Phenomena We Call Operant Conditioning

Procedures, Phenomena, and Processes

B. F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning

The Various Events That Can Serve as Reinforcers

The Various Events That Can Serve as Reinforcers

The Four Varieties of Operant Conditioning

Behavior Modification

The Differences Between Pavlovian Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

Chapter 8: How Individuals Adjust Their Behavior to Meet the Demands of the Situation

Operant Conditioning From Two Different Perspectives

The Functions of Reinforcers in Operant Conditioning

Adaptive Behavior by Hill-Climbing

Identifying the Operant in Operant Conditioning

Chapter 9: Adjusting to Schedules of Partial Reinforcement

Classifying Schedules of Reinforcement

Ratio Schedules

Interval Schedules

Explaining the Differences in Performance on Ratio and Interval Schedules of Reinforcement

The Effects of Prior Experience on How Individuals Adjust to Schedules of Reinforcement

Behavioral Persistence

Chapter 10: Life Is About Making Choices

Choice and the Empirical Matching Law

The Generalized Theoretical Matching Law

Why Matching Occurs

The Significance of the Matching Laws

Chapter 11: Inference and the Representations of Knowledge in Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning Is Also an Inference Task

The Representations of Knowledge in Operant Conditioning

The Role of the Stimulus in Operant Conditioning

Operant Behavior as Procedural Knowledge

Extinction Revisited

Chapter 12: The Similarities Between Operant Conditioning and Natural Selection

Sources of Behavioral Variation

The Mechanism of Selection in Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning as an Adaptive Specialization

Part III: The Social Transmission of Knowledge

Chapter 13: Social Learning

Learning Food Preferences From Others

Learning What to Fear Through Observational Conditioning

Learning What to Do by Observing Others

Transmission of Information About What to Do Through Directed Instruction

The Effects of Verbal Instructions on Human Behavior

O autorze

Steve Reilly obtained his D.Phil. from the University of York, England, for research concerning the neural basis of learning and memory. He has held positions in England, Canada and the United States, and is now in the Department of Psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago. His research focuses on the neural mechanisms and functional neuroanatomy of conditioned taste aversion learning and incentive learning. Dr. Reilly is the editor of two books (Conditioned Taste Aversion: Behavioral and Neural Processes and Associative Learning and Conditioning Theory: Human and Non-Human Applications) and is currently on the editorial boards of the International Journal of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience.