Jobaire Alam 
Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals. The aspects of measuring costs, potential benefits and socio-technical barriers for sustainable improvement of the transport sector in Nordic countries [PDF ebook] 

Scientific Study from the year 2016 in the subject Energy Sciences, grade: A, Aalborg University, language: English, abstract: Electric power vehicles are exceptionally complementary as systems for managing energy and power. Nordic countries have been considered as one of the frontrunners for electrification in their transport sector. So, this study is to investigate the current concerns of costs, potential benefits and socio-technical challenges of vehicle-to-grid transition for sustainable improvement in Scandinavian transport sector. Literature review section presents a clear understanding of previous researches around this topic. However, very few researches have been conducted in Scandinavia around this issue. This study intends to adopt qualitative method with a multi criteria analysis. According to the expected result of this study, Electric Vehicles and V2G contribute to the national energy systems, which allow integration of much higher levels of wind electricity and also greatly reduces national CO2 emissions.
Various previous studies show that transition to vehicle-to-grid technology has much to offer to society. Researchers further added that reducing petroleum use would help insulate oil importing economies from petroleum price spikes and shocks to the global market. It would also greatly improve the quality of the environment, displacing noxious emissions and the health, ecological, and climate-changed damages. Five Nordic countries are considered as pioneers in the world for renewable energy system. Various studies about Scandinavian transportation and energy system presented that V2G technology offers the motorists potential cost savings from their use of electricity as a fuel instead of gasoline. It is farther explained that, technological alternatives and energy planes play a significant role in Scandinavia. It is widely accepted that Nordic countries have been become frontrunner for electrification in their transport sectors, with the growth in travel demand including climate change and oil demand at a global scale. Therefore, it is a major concern to assess the cost & potential benefits of socio-technical perspective of V2G technology in these countries.