The chapters in this volume present the latest research in medical research. Included are chapters that examine the vascular supply to the skin – the largest organ in the body and thus a major barrier to microorganisms to prevent infection; an analysis of the Pregnancy Prevention Programme according to healthcare professional surveys; new approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and clinical challenges of onychomycosis – the most common nail disease which affects approximately 5% of the population worldwide; platelet-associated regulatory system (PARS); an examination of the production of certain isoprostanes, which notably increases in different cardiovascular pathological conditions or endocrine-metabolic disorders related to endothelial dysfunction; the measles epidemic, its prevalence in Europe and Japan and the importance and impact of providing vaccinations; phospholipase D, a major player in pathophysiological diseases; and finally, an analysis of the the Brazilian Human Milk Banks Network that was established to promote the health of women and children.