This book provides readers with the latest developments in neurosciences research. Chapter One summarizes the progress of this area over the past two decades by showing that inflammatory mediators (ligands in a positive feedback loop and/or other inflammatory mediators through receptor cross-talk) released from inflamed or injured tissues increase cell surface trafficking of nociceptive receptors in primary sensory neurons and dorsal horn neurons. The aim of Chapter Two is to discuss and detail well-established stress animal models, discussing their validity to mimic human neuropsychiatric disorders (i.e. depression, anxiety and cognitive deficiency). Chapter Three discusses postdural puncture headache (PPH) which is the most common major complication following neuraxial anesthesia and usually happens in obstetrics. Chapter Four reviews the known pharmacological mechanisms of action of first- and second-generation synthetic cathinones in the central nervous system in comparison to those of cocaine and amphetamines. These studies of the efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in adults with ADHD are reviewed in Chapter Five. As reported in Chapter Six, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is mediated by many factors and plays an important role in several diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, stroke, depression and epilepsy. In Chapter Seven, cognitive maps’ characteristics and the brain systems involved in spatial navigation of cognitive maps are the main focus. Chapter Eight reports on the improvement of human cognition and its precision due to technological advancement within the field of neuroscience. Chapter Nine demonstrates that low concentrations of N-acyl dopamines (below 1 IM) stimulate cell proliferation, intermediate ones (1-20 IM) induce differentiation, and higher ones lead to apoptosis.
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