Paul Fletcher & Ciara O’Toole 
Language Development and Language Impairment [PDF ebook] 
A Problem-Based Introduction

Companion Website vii
Preface ix
1 Overview 1
1.1 The Effects of Preschool Language Impairment 1
1.2 The Ambient Language 3
1.3 Typical Language Development 9
1.4 Atypical Language Development 21
2 The First Year of Life 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Social Development and Language Learning 35
2.3 Cognitive Development and Language Development 53
2.4 Speech Production in Infancy 61
2.5 Speech Perception in Infancy 71
2.6 Further Problems 80
3 Sounds 91
3.1 The Learning Task 91
3.2 The Role of Perception 94
3.3 The Production of Vowels 102
3.4 The Production of Consonants 114
3.5 Further Problems 127
4 Words 133
4.1 Early Vocabulary Development 133
4.2 Learning to Label: First Steps 138
4.3 Building a Lexicon 148
4.4 Lexical Growth and Individual Differences 152
4.5 Beyond Nouns 157
4.6 A Bridge to Syntax 163
4.7 Further Problems 166
5 Combining Words 175
5.1 Introduction 175
5.2 Transcribing and Analyzing Language Samples 177
5.3 Verb Forms 193
5.4 Interrogatives: Asking Questions 201
5.5 Complex Sentences 212
5.6 Further Problems 223
6 Beyond the Sentence 229
6.1 Introduction 229
6.2 Early Pragmatic Competence 231
6.3 Discourse Skills 1: Conversations 235
6.4 Discourse Skills 2: Telling Stories 250
6.5 Presupposition 256
6.6 Pragmatic Language Difficulties: Implications for Treatment 258
6.7 Further Problems 261
Appendix 1: The International Phonetic Alphabet 269
Appendix 2: Reliability and Validity 271
Appendix 3: Sensitivity and Specificity 275
Appendix 4: Techniques for Exploring Speech Perception in Infants 277
Appendix 5: Grammatical Analysis Using the LARSP Profile 279
Index 291

Paul Fletcher is Emeritus Professor, Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University College Cork,
Ireland, where he was previously Professor. He has also held professorships at the University of Hong Kong and Reading University.
Ciara O’Toole is Lecturer in Speech and Language Therapy at the Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland. Her teaching and research interests are in the area of pediatric communication development and disorders. She has a particular interest in bilingual language acquisition.