Peter Ballmoos 
Focusing Telescopes in Nuclear Astrophysics [PDF ebook] 

HESS (High Energy Stereoscopic System), a ground-based Cerenkov array telescopes has been operated since a few years and in 2004 has performed the ?rst Galactic plane scan with a sensitivity of a few percent of the Crab at energies above 100 Ge V, resulting in the discoveryofeightsources, mostofwhichwithoutanycounterpartatdifferentenergies[1, 2]. Particularattentionwasdevotedto HESSJ1813-178, notidenti?edwithanyknown X/gamma ray emitter and hypothesised to be a dark particle accelerator. Independently, and at the same time, INTEGRAL discovered a new soft gamma-ray source, namely IGR J18135-1751, identi?edasthecounterpartof HESSJ1813-178.Thishighenergyemitter, whosenaturewas still mysterious at the time of the discovery was then associated with the supernova remnant (SNR) G12.82 0.02 [6, 10, 18]. Even if a chance coincidence cannot be completely ruled out in view of the 2 arcmin INTEGRAL error box and the possible angular extension in the high energy, theoverallcharacteristicsofthisstarformingregion[7]comprising SNRG12.82 0.02 areconsistentwithsupernova/plerionorigin.Morerecently, the MAGIC(Major Atmospheric Gamma Imaging Cerenkov telescope) collaboration has reported a positive observations of HESSJ1813–178, resultinginagamma-ray?uxconsistentwiththeprevious HESSdetection and showing a hard power law with? = 2.1 in the range from 0.4–10Te V [3].

Cuprins

Scientific Requirements and Prospects.- Prospects in space-based gamma-ray astronomy.- Annihilation of positrons in the Galaxy.- Prospects and requirements for measurements of extragalactic ?-ray lines.- Non-thermal cosmic backgrounds and prospects for future high-energy observations of blazars.- Rolling down from the 30 ke V peak: Modelling the hard X-ray and ?-ray backgrounds.- Focusing supernova gamma rays.- Nucleosynthesis in nova explosions: Prospects for its observation with focusing telescopes.- Puzzles and potential for gamma-ray line observations of solar flare ion acceleration.- Gamma-ray Optics.- The INTEGRAL — HESS/MAGIC connection: A new class of cosmic high energy accelerators from ke V to Te V.- Replicated nickel optics for the hard-x-ray region.- Small d-spacing WC/Si C multilayers for future hard X-ray telescope designs.- Design aspects of grazing angle multilayer mirrors for soft ?-rays.- Progress toward light weight high angular resolution multilayer coated optics.- In FOC?S hard X-ray imaging telescope.- Development of the HEFT and Nu STAR focusing telescopes.- The SIMBOL-X hard X-ray mission.- Laue diffraction lenses for astrophysics: Theoretical concepts.- Laue diffraction lenses for astrophysics: From theory to experiments.- Mosaic and gradient Si Ge single crystals for gamma ray Laue lenses.- Copper mosaic crystals for Laue lenses.- High diffraction efficiency, broadband, diffraction crystals for use in crystal diffraction lenses.- An “ESA-affordable” Laue-lens.- Optical properties of Laue lenses for hard X-rays (> 60 ke V).- Development of a new photon diffraction imaging system for diagnostic nuclear medicine.- HAXTEL: A Laue lens telescope development project for a deep exploration of the hard X-ray sky (>60 ke V).- CLAIRE: First light for agamma-ray lens.- MAX, a Laue diffraction lens for nuclear astrophysics.- The gamma ray lens — an ESA technology reference study.- Gamma ray Fresnel lenses — why not?.- Development of ground-testable phase fresnel lenses in silicon.- Multiwavelength focusing with the Sun as gravitational lens.- Focal Plane Instrumentation.- A Si/Cd Te Compton Camera for gamma-ray lens experiment.- New scintillators for focal plane detectors in gamma-ray missions.- A focal plane detector design for a wide-band Laue-lens telescope.- Polarisation measurements with a Cd Te pixel array detector for Laue hard X-ray focusing telescopes.- Simulated performance of dedicated Ge-strip Compton telescopes as ?-lens focal plane instrumentation.- Monte Carlo study of detector concepts for the MAX Laue lens gamma-ray telescope.- Performance of the Nuclear Compton Telescope.- The Compton and pair creation telescope MEGA.- Ground Facilities and Flight Systems for Focusing Telescopes.- The MPE X-ray test facility PANTER: Calibration of hard X-ray (15–50 kev) optics.- The Ferrara hard X-ray facility for testing/calibrating hard X-ray focusing telescopes.- SIMBOL-X: An hard X-ray formation flying mission.- Distributed space segment for high energy astrophysics: Similarities and specificites.- The CLAIRE gondola: Testing the first gamma-ray lens on a stratospheric balloon.- Recent advances and low cost concept for the gamma-ray lens project MAX.- Small-sat platforms and formation flying: An opportunity for the gamma ray telescope MAX.- MAX: Formation flying for nuclear astrophysics.- Formation flying for a Fresnel lens observatory mission.

Despre autor

Peter von Ballmoos est né en 1956 à Zürich. Après des études de physique à l’Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Zürich, un doctorat à l’Université Technique de Munich, et des post-docs outre Atlantique, il a été élu professeur d’astrophysique à l’Université de Toulouse en 1991.Au sein du Centre d’Etudes Spatiales des Rayonnements de Toulouse, il mène des recherches en astrophysique nucléaire – en particulier l’instrumentation, l’observation et l’interprétation des raies gamma nucléaires. L’observation des raies gamma nucléaires est une des clés aux questions fondamentales sur la structure et l’évolution de l’Univers, et particulièrement sur les cycles de vie de la matière et du comportement de la matière dans des conditions extrêmes. Peter von Ballmoos est co-responsable du projet Spectromètre INTEGRAL de l’ESA et responsable des projets ‘lentille gamma’ du CNES (CLAIRE, MAX).