CD34+ pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generally involved in all aspects of the human system as well as in the stem cell therapeutic strategies, as in bone marrow transplantation (BMT). This book deals with several original research articles on HSC proliferation and containment. Lineage directed differentiation of HSCs and use of easily available herbal extracts for greatly increased proliferation into erythrocytes to treat thrombocytopenia are herein reported. HSCs respond to the growth factors and the herbal medicine is a welcome substitute with lack of known side effects for treatment purposes. However molecular mechanisms as in signal transduction are more easily deciphered than those derived from the herbs which may well be taken up for future studies. Mutations in the signal transduction genes such as JAK-2 have been shown to cause dysregulation of the CD34+ cell differentiation causing erythrocytosis, which is the reverse of thrombocytopenia, both of which are undesirable clinical consequences. Erythrocytes have been shown to date back to ancient tissues from the fossils.