Bernd Wursig & Randall S. Wells 
The Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin [PDF ebook] 

Twenty years in the making by a distinguished dolphin expert and his associates,
The Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin is the first comprehensive scientific natural history of a dolphin species ever written. From their research camp at Kealakeakua Bay in Hawaii, these scientists followed a population of wild spinner dolphins by radiotracking their movements and, with the use of a windowed underwater vessel, observing the details of their underwater social life.


The authors begin with a description of the spinner dolphin species, its morphology and systematics, and then examine the ocean environment, the organization of dolphin populations, and the way this school-based society of mammals uses shorelines for rest and instruction of the young. The dolphins’ reproductive cycle, their vision, vocalization, hearing, breathing, and feeding, and the integration of the school are carefully analyzed. The authors conclude with a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of this marine cultural system, with its behavioral flexibility and high levels of cooperation.


This absorbing book is the richest source available of new scientific insights about the lives of wild dophins and how their societies evolved at sea.

Содержание

FIGURES

INTRODUCTION

Kenneth S. Norris


CHAPTER 1 THE SPINNER DOLPHIN 

Kenneth S. Norris, Bernd Wiirsig, and Randall S. Wells

WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION 

HISTORY OF SPINNER DOLPHIN STUDY 

ENVIRONMENT OF THE SPINNER DOLPHIN IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC 

OCEANIC FAUNAL RADIATION 

ADAPTATION TO LOCAL RESOURCES 

VARIATION 

ECOTYPES 

POPULATION PATTERNS 

LOCAL OCEANOGRAPHY 

PATTERN 

PHYSICAL VARIATION 

BEHAVIORAL STUDIES 


CHAPTER 2 THE ISLAND HABITAT 

Randall S. Wells and Kenneth S. Norris

THE ISLAND OF HAWAII 

OCEANOGRAPHIC CORRELATES 

STRUCTURAL HYDROGRAPHY OF KEALAKE’AKUA BAY 

BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY AND DOLPHIN ABUNDANCE 

AERIAL SURVEYS: LOCAL AND SEASONAL PATTERNS 

SIGHTING EFFICIENCY 

IS THERE AN ISLAND OF HAWAII SPINNER POPULATION? 

Circumisland Movements 

Rest Coves 

The Spinner Population: Open or Closed? 


CHAPTER 3 OBSERVING DOLPHINS UNDERWATER 

Kenneth S. Norris and Randall S. Wells

METHODS OF OBSERVING DOLPHINS 

UNDERWATER VIEWING VEHICLES 

APPROACHING DOLPHINS 

LISTENING 

THE MOBILE OBSERVATION CHAMBER 

THE MAKA ALA 

THE SMYG TITTAR’N 


CHAPTER 4 A SPINNER DOLPHIN’S DAY 

Bernd Wursig, Randall S. Wells, Kenneth S. Norris, and Melany Wursig

METHODS OF OBSERVATION 

AN OUTLINE OF THE DAILY CYCLE 

BAY RESIDENCE PATTERNS 

DESCENT INTO REST 

REST 

AWAKENING 

ZIG-ZAG SWIMMING 

SPREAD FORMATION 

NIGHTTIME PATTERNS 

THE QUESTION OF SCHOOL FLUIDITY 


CHAPTER 5 AERIAL BEHAVIOR 

Kenneth S. Norris, Bernd Wursig, and Randall S. Wells

CATEGORIES OF AERIAL BEHAVIOR 

NOSE-OUTS AND FLUKE-OUTS 

Nose-Outs 

Fluke-Outs 

SLAPS 

Tail Slaps 

Head Slaps and Back Slaps 

LEAPS 

Arcuate Leaps 

Salmon Leaps 

Tail-Over-Head Leaps 

SPINS 

PATTERNS OF OCCURRENCE 

FUNCTIONS OF AERIAL PATTERNS 

Remora Dislodgement 

Sound and Bubble Production 

OTHER CORRELATES OF AERIAL BEHAVIOR 

CONCLUSIONS 


CHAPTER 6 POPULATION STRUCTURE 

Bernd Wiirsig, Randall S. Wells, Melany Wiirsig, and Kenneth S. Norris

SCARS AND MARKS ANALYSIS 

OCCUPANCY OF REST COVES 

INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION 

ISLAND USE PATTERNS 

ASSOCIATIONS 

MOVEMENTS 

ACCESSION RATE 

POPULATION PATTERNS AND SEGREGATION 

A POPULATION MODEL 

COMPARISONS TO OTHER POPULATIONS 

ABUNDANCE

PERSPECTIVES


CHAPTER 7 THE VISUAL DOMAIN

Kenneth S. Norris, Randall S. Wells, and Christine M. Johnson

DIURNAL LIGHT CYCLE 

LIGHT SCATTERING 

FLICKER 

EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON SKIN 

REFRACTION 

THE DOLPHIN VISUAL SYSTEM 

VISUAL PIGMENTS 

VISUAL SIGNS, SIGNALS, AND VISUAL FIELDS 

Visual Fields 

Whole-Body Signals 

The Pectoral Fin and Associated Patterns 

Other Body Patterns 

The Rostrum 

Locomotory Signs 

Sexual Pattern 


CHAPTER 8 THE ACOUSTIC DOMAIN 

Shannon M. Bnrwnlee and Kenneth S. Norris

THE ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT

Source Levels and Beam Characteristics

Distortion of the Sound Path, Transmission Losses, and Bubble Eflects 

Target Strength 

Ocean Noise 

Detection Thresholds 

SOUND EMISSION PATTERNS 

Data Gathering 

Classes of Sounds 

Sounds and Behavior 

INTERPRETATIONS OF ACOUSTIC SIGNALS 

Whistles: The Phatic System 

Classification of Message Types 

Signature Whistles 

Social Facilitation 

Burst-Pulse Signals 


CHAPTER 9 PATTERNS OF REPRODUCTION 

Randall S. Wells and Kenneth S. Norris

PATTERNS OF CETACEAN REPRODUCTION 

Gestation and Development 

The Male Cycle 

The Mating System 

Mate Selection 

The Female Cycle 

Reproductive Seasonality 

DETERMINANTS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 

HORMONAL AND BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF REPRODUCTION 

HORMONAL CYCLES OF HAWAIIAN SPINNERS 

The Male Spinner 

The Female Spinner 

Behavioral Correlates 


CHAPTER 10 LOCOMOTION 

Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. Johnson

CROSSOVER SPEED 

PROPULSIVE PATTERN 

AXIS OF LOCOMOTION 


CHAPTER 11 BREATHING AT SEA 

Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. Johnson

BREATHING WHILE SWIMMING 

BREATH HOLDING 

SEPARATING FOOD AND AIR 

PHONATION 

PRESSURE EFFECTS 

LUNG COLLAPSE 

BREATHING AT SEA 

Exhalation 

Inhalation 

Locating a Breathing Place 


CHAPTER 12 FOOD AND FEEDING 

Bernd Wursig, Randall S. Wells, and Kenneth S. Norris

MECHANICS OF FOOD CAPTURE AND HANDLING 

The Cage Jaw 

The Piston Tongue 

Ingestion 

OWNERSHIP OF PREY 

DIET AND FEEDING DEPTH 

RESOURCE PARTITIONING 

THE TUNA-DOLPHIN BOND 

THE FOOD OF HAWAIIAN SPINNER DOLPHINS 

DIVING PATTERNS 


CHAPTER 13 SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLING 

Kenneth S. Norris and Christine M. Johnson

FUNCTIONING OF SCHOOLS 

SCHOOL FORMATIONS 

Echelon Formation 

Sensory Windows 

SENSORY INTEGRATION SYSTEM 

Sensory Summation 

Sensory Involvement 

SCHOOL PATTERNS 

THE QUESTION OF SCHOOL LEADERSHIP 

RELATIONSHIP OF VISION TO DOLPHIN SCHOOLING 

SCHOOL TIGHTENING AND SCHOOLING DISTANCE 

SCHOOL BEHAVIOR IN RELATION TO ATTACK 

ANTICIPATION 

CONFUSION 


CHAPTER 14 SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 

Christine M. Johnson and Kenneth S. Norris

SCHOOL WARINESS AND HABITUATION 

EPISODIC OR BOUT BEHAVIOR 

Aerial Behavior Bouts 

Caressing Bouts 

Formation Swimming 

Echolocation Bouts 

DO DOLPHINS ECHOLOCATE ONE ANOTHER? 

PARTNER SHARING AND EXCHANGE 

MALE COALITIONS 

MATING 

BIRTH, NURTURE, AND JUVENILE GROUPS 

CALF AND JUVENILE BEHAVIOR 

PLAY 

AGGRESSION AND DEFENSE 

Open Mouth Contact 

Threat Posture 

Aggressive Encounters 

Convergence Between Shark and Dolphin

Behavior/Structure 

USES OF INTENSE SOUND 


CHAPTER 15 PREDATORS, PARASITES, AND MULTISPECIES AGGREGATIONS 

Kenneth S. Norris

PREDATION IN SHALLOW VERSUS OPEN SEAS 

Predation in the Open Sea 

Evidence from Hawaiian Spinners 

MULTISPECIES AGGREGATIONS 

DOLPHIN PREDATORS 

THE COOKIE CUTTER SHARK 

PARASITES 


CHAPTER 16 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF CETACEAN

SOCIAL ECOLOGY, CULTURE, AND EVOLUTION 

Kenneth S. Norris

INTRODUCTION 

Defining Some Terms 

Dolphin Variation 

Rhythmic or Oscillatory Behavior 

SELF-COMPENSATORY SYSTEMS 

ARE SOCIOECOLOGIES EVOLUTIONARY ENTITIES? 

THE ORIGIN OF CULTURES 

COMPARISON OF MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS 

ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF WARM WATER CETACEANS 

SPINNER DOLPHIN SOCIETY 

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOCIETIES 

ARTHROPOD SOCIETIES 

TOWARD A MODEL FOR SOCIOECOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION 

SYSTEMIC NATURE OF THE PHENOTYPE AND THE ORIGIN OF COOPERATION 

DEFINING THE PHENOTYPE 

The Extended Phenotype 

THE SOCIOECOLOGY: AN EXAMPLE OF AN EPIGENETIC SYSTEM 

OSCILLATION OF BEHAVIOR STATES 

Genetic Control of Oscillation 

The Coexistence of Organizational Levels 

ADAPTIVE RADIATION 

THE CULTURAL SYSTEM 

CULTURAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL ROLES 

THE FITNESS OF CULTURES 

Play and Juvenility 

Adolescence in Primates and Dolphins 

COST ACCOUNTING 

THE EMERGING SYSTEMIC VIEW OF EVOLUTION 

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ABOUT SPINNER DOLPHINS 


OVERVIEW 

APPENDIX A: THOSE WHO HELPED 

APPENDIX B: MATERIALS AND METHODS 

LITERATURE CITED 

INDEX 

Об авторе

Kenneth S. Norris is Emeritus Professor of Biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, co-editor of Dolphin Societies (California, 1990), and author of the award-winning Dolphin Days (1991). Bernd Würsig is Professor of Marine Mammalogy at Texas A & M University, where Melany Würsig is a research associate. Randall S. Wells is a conservation biologist with the Chicago Zoological Society. Shannon M. Brownlee is Senior Editor for Science at U.S. News and World Report. Christine Johnson teaches in the Department of Cognition at the University of California, San Diego. Jody Solow is a doctoral candidate in geography at the University of Cambridge. Jenny Wardrip is a freelance illustrator and a lecturer at the University of California, Santa Cruz.