Gerald A. Press 
Development of the Idea of History in Antiquity [PDF ebook] 

An extensive scholarly literature, written in the past century holds that in ancient Greek and Roman thought history is understood as circular and repetitive — a consequence of their anti-temporal metaphysics — in contrast with Judaeo-Christian thought, which sees history as linear and unique — a consequence of their messianic and hence radically temporal theology. Gerald Press presents a more general view — that the Graeco-Roman and Judaeo-Christian cultures were fundamentally alien and opposed cultural forces and that, therefore, Christianity’s victory over paganism included the replacement or supersession of one intellectual world by another — and then shows that, contrary to this view, there was substantial continuity between "pagan" and Christian ideas of history in antiquity, rather than a striking opposition between cyclic and linear patterns. He finds that the foundation of the Christian view of history as goal-directed lies in the rhetorical rather than the theological motives of early Christian writers.