Josef Rötzer 
Design and Construction of LNG Storage Tanks [PDF ebook] 

Worldwide, the use of natural gas as a primary energy source will remain vital for decades to come. This applies to industrialized, emerging countries and developing countries. Owing to the low level of impurities, natural gas is considered to be a climate-friendly fossil fuel because of the low CO2 emissions, but is at the same time an affordable source of energy.
In order to enable transport over long distances and oceans (and hence create an economic and political alternative to pipelines) , the gas is liquefied, which is accompanied by a considerable reduction in volume, and then transported by ship. Thus, at international ports, many LNG tanks are required for temporary storage and further use. The trend towards smaller liquefaction and regasification plants with associated storage tanks for marine fuel applications has attracted new players in this market who often do not yet have the necessary experience and technical expertise. It is not sufficient to refer to all existing technical standards when defining consistent state-of-the-art specifications and requirements.
The switch to European standardisation has made it necessary to revise and adapt existing national codes to match European standards. Technical committees at national and international level have begun their work of updating and completing the EN 14620 series.
In the USA, too, the corresponding regulations are also being updated. The revision of American Concrete Institute standard ACI 376 Requirements for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures for the Containment of Refrigerated Liquefied Gases, first published in 2011, will be completed in the spring of 2019, and the final version, published in autumn 2019.
This book provides an overview of the state of the art in the design and construction of liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks. Since the topic is very extensive and complex, an introduction to all aspects is provided, e.g. requirements and design for operating conditions, thermal design, hydrostatic and pneumatic tests, soil surveys and permissible settlement, modelling of and calculations for the concrete structure, and the actions due to fire, explosion and impact. Dynamic analysis and the theory of sloshing liquid are also presented.

Содержание

1 Introduction
2 History of natural gas liquefaction
2.1 Industrialisation and energy demand
2.2 The beginnings of gas liquefaction
2.3 The first steps towards transport in ship
2.4 Algeria becomes the first exporter
2.5 Further development with peak-shaving plants
2.6 The first German LNG tank in Stuttgart
2.7 Wilhelmshaven — the attempt to establish a German receiving terminal
2.8 The liquefaction of gas in Australia
2.9 Pollutant emissions limits in the EU
3 Regulations and their scope of applicability
3.1 History of the regulations
3.2 EEMUA publication No. 147 and BS 7777
3.3 LNG installations and equipment — EN 1473
3.4 Design and construction of LNG tanks — EN 14620
3.5 API 620 — the American standard for steel tanks
3.6 API 625 — combining concrete and steel
3.7 ACI 376 — the American standard for concrete tanks
4 Definition of different tank types
4.1 Definition and development of the different types of tank
4.2 Single containment tank system
4.3 Double containment tank system
4.4 Full containment tank system
4.5 Membrane tank system
5 Performance requirements and design
5.1 Performance requirements for normal operation
5.2 Thermal design
5.3 Hydrostatic and pneumatic tests
5.4 Soil survey, soil parameters and permissible settlement
5.5 Susceptibility to soil liquefaction
6 Tank analysis
6.1 Requirements for the analysis of the concrete structure
6.2 Requirements for the model of the concrete structure
6.3 Strut-and-tie models for discontinuity regions
6.4 Liquid Spill
6.5 Fire load cases
6.6 Explosion and Impact
7 Dynamic analysis
7.1 Theory of the sloshing fluid
7.2 Housner`s method
7.3 Veletsos` method
7.4 Provisions in EN 1998-4, annex A
7.5 Seismic design of LNG tanks
8 Construction
8.1 Construction phases and procedure
8.2 Wall formwork
8.3 Reinforcement
8.4 Prestressing
8.5 5 Tank equipment (inclinometers, heating)
8.6 Construction joints
8.7 Curing of concrete surfaces
9 Summary
References

Об авторе

Dr.-Ing. Josef Rötzer (born in 1959) studied civil engineering at the Technical University of Munich and later obtained his Ph D at the Bundeswehr University Munich. From 1995 onwards, he worked in the engineering head office of Dyckerhoff & Widmann (DYWIDAG) AG in Munich. His area of responsibility included the detailed design of industrial and power plant structures. The DYWIDAG LNG Technology competence area, focusing on the planning and worldwide construction of liquefied gas tanks, was integrated into STRABAG International in 2005. Josef Rötzer is a member of the Working Group for Tanks for Cryogenic Liquefied Gases of the German Standards Committee and a member of the committee for the American code ACI 376.