This book explores the most recent developments in Earth Science research. Chapters include research on the Indian Summer Monsoon and its impacts on society and the economy; geothermal heat pumps (GSHPs) or direct expansion (DX) ground source heat pumps as a highly efficient renewable energy technology; a comprehensive review of biomass energy sources, environment and sustainable development; aerodynamic landforms and their sedimentological characteristics and environmental implications; the mechanism of assymetric basin formation and evolution; a discussion on the development of inselbergs; the application of GREENSCOPE as a sustainability assessment tool for chemical processes; sedimentary basin as a cradle for biodiversity, focusing on the Buenos Aires Province in Argentina; deep sea depositional systems and their use as primary target for hydrocarbon exploration and development; the transformation of rivers during the process of certain human activities; and the results of field observations of small river basin waters, including their chemical composition.