The chapters in this volume present the latest developments in medicine and biology. Chapters One reviews the epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as methods for its diagnosis and treatments with a special emphasis on the latest advances. Chapter Two examines in vitro anti-cancer actions of progesterone on human melanoma cells based on recovery cell growth, adhesion and migration functions. Chapter Three reviews the medical uses, potential complications and advances in spinal anesthesia for ambulatory surgery. Chapter Four evaluates the effects of low dose spinal anesthesia on vital signs of patients for Cesarean Section (CS) and fracture repair. Chapter Five discusses Horner’s syndrome after spinal and epidural anesthesia. Chapter Six studies the chronobiology and electrophysiology of the rat heart under pentobarbital anesthesia. Chapter Seven provides literature orientation and personal experiences to discuss patient-specific instrumentation of total knee arthroplasty. Chapter Eight reviews the involvement of the endocrine system in the pathogenesis and clinical course of Meniere’s disease. Chapter Nine summarizes recent research reporting several different effects of non-gluten members of the a-amylase/trypsin inhibitors and other nutritional food ingredients on the onset and severity of innate and/or adaptive immune responses.