Many patients referred for an epilepsy evaluation actually suffer from one of many conditions that can imitate it. Imitators of epilepsy are a diverse group that involve consideration of many areas of internal medicine, neurology, and psychiatry. The most important imitators of epileptic seizures are dizziness, vertigo, syncope, complicated migraine; and somewhat less frequently sleep disorders, transient cerebral ischemia, paroxysmal movement disorders, endocrine or metabolic dysfunction, delirium, psychiatric conditions or transient global amnesia. Clearly under-recognized are hyperventilation episodes, panic attacks, and other psychogenic and psychiatric paroxysmal disorders that may simulate epileptic seizures. This volume provides a comprehensive review of the differential diagnosis of seizures: how do the imitators of epilepsy present clinically, what are their particular distinguishing historical features, and what tests are helpful with diagnosis?
Expanding beyond the first edition, this second edition is divided into four sections. The first deals with an introduction and approach diagnosing spells, the electroencephalography of epilepsy and its imitators, and specialized tests of diagnosis such as measurement of serum prolactin. There are chapters on epileptic seizures that do not look like typical epileptic seizures, and conversely, apparent epileptic seizures that are not. A second section approaches imitators of epileptic seizures along age-based lines; i.e., what sorts of spells are likely to beset infants, children, or the elderly? A third section addresses individual imitators of epilepsy, ranging from the common to the rare, from dizziness and faintness to startle disease, arranged according to whether they might simulate partial, generalized, or both types of epileptic seizures. The volume finishes off with hyperventilation syndrome, psychogenic seizures (with or without epilepsy), and panic disorders.
Most chapters review the basic definitions and physiology of the respective imitator, followed by the clinical characteristics. Emphasis is given to those features that may differentiate it from an epileptic event, but also mark it for what it is, and give possible criteria for an alternate diagnosis. Case vignettes are used to illustrate particular aspects, along with tables that compare and contrast phenotypically similar conditions. Based on their extensive clinical experience, the authors provide a personal perspective on diagnosis and treatment.
Содержание
Section I. Introduction to Spells; Approach to the Diagnosis of Possible Epileptic Seizures; Electroencephalography in the Diagnosis of Non-Epileptic and Epileptic Conditions; Anatomical-Clinical Localization of Ictal Behavior; Curious Epileptic Seizures That Don’t Resemble Epileptic Seizures; Convulsive Non-Epileptic Seizures; The Role of Serum Prolactin in Epileptic Seizure Diagnosis. Non-Epileptic Spells According to Age of Presentation. Non-Epileptic Spells in Neonates and Infants; Non-Epileptic Seizures and Similar Phenomena in Children and Adolescents; Paroxysmal Disturbances Resembling Epileptic Seizures in the Elderly. Other Disorders That Resemble Epileptic Seizures or Epilepsy. A) Non-epileptic disorders resembling partial seizures. Migraine and Epilepsy; Strange Tastes, Smells, Visions and Feelings: Non-Epileptic Events That Mimic Simple Partial Seizures; Dizziness or Vestibular Problems Resembling Epileptic Seizures; Movement Disorders that Imitate Epilepsy. B) Non-epileptic disorders resembling generalized seizures. Hyperekplexia and Other Disorders of Startle: Differential Diagnosis with Epilepsy; Encephalopathy as a Mimic of Epileptic Seizures; Neuroendocrine, Metabolic and Toxic Imitators of Epilepsy. C) Non-epileptic disorders resembling partial or generalized seizures. Parasomnias Sleep Disorders and Narcolepsy-Sleep-Time Imitators of Epilepsy; Cerebrovascular Imitators of Epilepsy. Psychological, Psychiatric and Other Imitators of Epilepsy. Hyperventilation Syndrome; Psychiatric Aspects of Nonepileptic Seizures: Psychogenic NES; Co-Existing Epilepsy and Non-Epileptic Seizures; Panic Attacks and Panic Disorders: The Great Imitators.
Об авторе
Peter W. Kaplan, MD, is Professor of Neurology at the Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD.
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