Zhidong Hao 
Intellectuals at a Crossroads [PDF ebook] 
The Changing Politics of China’s Knowledge Workers

List of Tables and Figures

List of Abbreviations

Foreword by Merle Goldman

Preface

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction: Toward a Political Sociology of China’s Intellectuals

Four Types of Intellectuals and Four Political Roles
The Ideological Foundations of Intellectuals’ Political Roles
Ethical Dilemmas Facing Intellectuals
The Chinese Intellectual: A Typology
Conclusions

2. From Uniformity to Fragmentation: Intellectuals in the Mao Era (1949–1976) and in the First Deng Period (1977–1989)

A High Degree of Uniformity with Limited Resistance: The Mao Era (1949–1976)
The Beginnings of Fragmentation: First Period of the Deng Era (1977–1989)
Conclusions

3. Critical Intellectuals

The Social Environment after 1989
The Critical Intellectual Discourses
The Democracy Movement
Other Social Critics: Some Examples
Conclusions: the Politics of Critical Intellectuals

4. Bourgeoisified and Professionalized Intellectuals

The Bourgeoisification of Intellectuals
The Professionalization of Intellectuals

5. Social Class and Organic Intellectuals

Class and Class Structure in Formation
Organic Intellectuals
Conclusions: Contradictory Class Locations of Organic Intellectuals

6. Intellectuals as a Class

Are Intellectuals a Class?
Chinese Intellectuals as a Class
The Elitist Flaw of the Intellectual Class
Conclusions

7. Summary and Conclusion: The Future of China’s Intellectuals

The Changing Politics of China’s Knowledge Workers
The Future of China’s Intellectuals

Appendix: A Note on the Concept of the Intellectual

Transition from Literati to Intellectuals: The Chinese Story
Transition from Philosophers to Intellectuals: The Western Story
Definitions of the Modern Intellectual

Notes

Bibliography

Index of Chinese Names and Phrases

Subject and Name Index

Zhidong Hao is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Whittier College.