Stress Field of the Earth’s Crust is based on lecture notes prepared for a course offered to graduate students in the Earth sciences and engineering at University of Potsdam. In my opinion, it will undoubtedly also become a standard reference book on the desk of most scientists working with rocks, such as geophysicists, structural geologists, rock mechanics experts, as well as geotechnical and petroleum en- neers. That is because this book is concerned with what is probably the most pe- liar characteristic of rock – its initial stress condition. Rock is always under a natural state of stress, primarily a result of the gravitational and tectonic forces to which it is subjected. Crustal stresses can vary regionally and locally and can reach in places considerable magnitudes, leading to natural or man-made mechanical failure. P- existing stress distinguishes rock from most other materials and is at the core of the discipline of “Rock Mechanics”, which has been developed over the last century. Knowledge of rock stress is fundamental to understanding faulting mechanisms and earthquake triggering, to designing stable underground caverns and prod- tive oil fields, and to improving mining methods and geothermal energy extraction, among others. Several books have been written on the subject, but none has atte- ted to be as all-encompassing as the one by Zang and Stephansson.
Innehållsförteckning
Foreword
Preface
Dedication
Acknowledgement
List of Permissions
1. Introduction
1.1 Stresses in a Body
1.2 Importance of Rock Stress
1.3 History of Interest in Rock Stress
Part I – Definition and Terminology
2. Stress Definition
2.1 Stress Tensor
2.2 Principal Stresses
2.3 Mohr Circle of Stress
2.4 Visualizing Stress
3. Rock Fracture Criteria
3.1 Phenomenological Theories
3.2 Mechanistic Failure Theories
3.3 Fracture Mechanics
3.4 Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics
4. Rock Stress Terminology
4.1 Gravity Stress
4.2 Tectonic Stress
4.3 Residual Stress
4.4 Structural Stress
5. Crustal Stress Models
5.1 Lithostatic Stress
5.2 Biaxial State of Stress
5.3 Tectonic Stress Field
5.4 Effective Stress
5.5 Laboratory Stress Profiles
Part II – Measuring Stress
6. Physics of Stress Measurements
6.1 Mechanical Methods
6.2 Strain Gages
6.3 Diffraction Methods
6.4 Optical Methods
6.5 Ultrasonic Wave Speed
6.6 Micromagnetic Method
7. Measuring Crustal Stress – Borehole Methods
7.1 Classification of Measurement Techniques
7.2 Hydraulic Fracturing
7.3 Borehole Breakouts
8. Measuring Crustal Stress – Core-Based Methods
8.1 Anelastic Strain Recovery
8.1.1 Rheological Basis
8.1.2 Relaxation Apparatus
8.2 Kaiser Effect
Part III – Interpreting Stress Data
9. Local Stress Data
9.1 Continental Deep Drilling Site KTB, Germany
9.2 Nuclear Waste Site Olkiluoto, Finland
9.3 San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, USA
10. Generic Stress Data
10.1 Magnitude-Depth Profiles
10.2 Orientation Maps and Smoothing
10.3 Stress State-Scale Relations
10.4 Best-Estimate Stress Model
11. Global Stress
11.1 European Stress
11.2 World Stress Map
11.3 Plate Tectonic Interpretation
Epilogue
Stress References
Index
Stress Movies Content on DVD-ROM
DVD-ROM included inside back cover
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