Bernard Reber 
Precautionary Principle, Pluralism and Deliberation [EPUB ebook] 
Science and Ethics

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction xvii
Part 1. Pluralism between Ethics and Politics in the Context of Prevention 1
Introduction to Part 1 3
Chapter 1. Burdens of Judgment and Ethical Pluralism of Values 11
1.1. The ’burdens of judgment’ at the root of the ’fact of reasonable pluralism’ 13
1.2. Burdens of judgment: a critique 17
1.2.1. Burdens of judgment: a starting point, not an obstacle 17
1.2.2. The variable geometry of pluralisms 22
1.3. Ethical pluralism of values, from relativism to monism 26
1.4. Relativisms and commitments 32
1.4.1. Three types of relativism 32
1.4.2. Commitments in response to values 33
1.5. Opposing monism: conditionality, incompatibility and incommensurability of values 36
1.6. Conclusion: decompartmentalizing conflicts of values 38
Chapter 2. Ethical Pluralism of Ethical Theories at the Heart of Evaluation 43
2.1. Ordinary morality, anti-theory and skepticism 44
2.2. What is an ethical theory? 47
2.3. Main ethical theories 50
2.4. Pluralism in practical reasoning 55
2.4.1. Formal practical reasoning 56
2.4.2. Substantial practical reasoning 58
2.5. Interactions between normative factors and foundational normative theories 60
2.6. Conclusion: conflicts and deliberation in the context of ethical theories 64
Chapter 3. Deliberative Democracy Put to the Test of Ethical Pluralism 71
3.1. Participatory exposure 72
3.2. Rawls and Habermas: opposing views in support of deliberation 74
3.2.1. Rawls: restricted ethics 75
3.2.2. Habermas: reliance on undefined arguments 77
3.3. Deliberating in a democracy 80
3.4. Desperately seeking arguments… 85
3.5. Conclusion: pluralism of moral and political philosophers 88
Conclusion to Part 1: Mapping the ’Should-be’ of the Public Sphere 95
Part 2. Ethical and Political Pluralism in a Context of Precaution 105
Introduction to Part 2 107
Chapter 4. Deciding on, and in, Uncertainty Using the Precautionary Meta-principle 113
4.1. Careless criticisms of the precautionary principle 116
4.2. Precautionary principle: components and trigger factors 122
4.3. To act, or not to act 126
4.4. Clashing scenarios and ’grammars’ of the future 129
4.5. Typology of political decisions in the context of uncertainty 132
4.6. Conclusion: the deliberative as genre for uncertain futures 135
Chapter 5. Between Sciences and Ethics: A New Quarrel of Faculties? 143
5.1. Scientists between attachment and independence 144
5.2. Politics of nature 152
5.3. The prominent role of values in paradigm changes 160
5.4. Relationships between scientific facts, epistemic values and ethical values 162
5.5. Conclusion: a Republic of Letters dealing with facts and values 165
Chapter 6. Co-argumentation in a Context of Disciplinary Pluralism 173
6.1. Epistemic pluralism and competitive positions 177
6.2. Tensions and cooperation due to pluralism internal and external to disciplines 180
6.3. Types of argumentation and dialogue 184
6.4. Co-dependence between ethical argumentation and scientific investigation 191
6.5. Confrontation of hypotheses 194
6.6. Conclusion: structuring of inter- and intra-disciplinary pluralisms thanks to the precautionary meta-principle 200
Conclusion 207
Bibliography 225
Index 245

Bernard REBER, Senior Fellow in the Center National for the Scientific Research (CNRS), Sciences Po Paris, (Political Research Center).