Dieter A. Schlüter & Craig Hawker 
Synthesis of Polymers [PDF ebook] 
New Structures and Methods

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
CONTENT OF VOLUME 1
FOREWORD
References
POLYMER SYNTHESIS: AN INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE
About this Chapter
Why?
Thesis: There Are No Limits to the Fantasy of a Synthetic Polymer Chemist
Antithesis: We May Be Able to Synthesize Millions of New Polymers – But Why Should We Do So?
Synthesis
Conclusions
FROM HETEROGENEOUS ZIEGLER?NATTA TO HOMOGENEOUS SINGLE-CENTER GROUP 4 ORGANOMETALLIC CATALYSTS: A PRIMER ON THE COORDINATION POLYMERIZATION OF OLEFINS
Introduction
Chapter Prospectus
Fundamentals of Coordination Polymerization
Homogeneous Single-Center Coordination Polymerization
Conclusions
COBALT-MEDIATED RADICAL POLYMERIZATION
Introduction
Mechanistic Considerations
Key Parameters of CMRP
Macromolecular Engineering
Cobalt-Mediated Radical Coupling (CMRC)
Summary and Outlook
ANIONIC POLYMERIZATION: RECENT ADVANCES
Background
Living Anionic Polymerization of Various Monomers
(Meth)acrylate Derivatives Acrylamide Derivatives
Acrylamide Derivatives
Cyclic Monomers
Other Monomers
Reaction of Living Anionic Polymers with Electrophiles: Synthesis of Chain-Functionalized Polymers
Synthesis of Architectural Polymers via Living Anionic Polymerization
Anionic Polymerization: Practical Aspects
Concluding Remarks
ALKYNE METATHESIS POLYMERIZATION (ADIMET) AND MACROCYCLIZATION (ADIMAC)
Introduction
Catalyst Development
Poly(Phenylene Ethynylene)s via ADIMET
ADIMAC-Acyclic Diyne Metathesis Macrocyclization
Conclusions
THE SYNTHESIS OF CONJUGATED POLYTHIOPHENES BY KUMADA CROSS-COUPLING
Introduction to Polythiophene
Kumada Cross-Coupling
Polythiophenes by Kumada Cross-Coupling
Copolymers
Summary and Outlook
’ABSOLUTE’ ASYMMETRIC POLYMERIZATION WITHIN CRYSTALLINE ARCHITECTURES: RELEVANCE TO THE ORIGIN OF HOMOCHIRALITY
Introduction
’Through-Space’ Asymmetric Polymerization in Inclusion Complexes and Liquid Crystals
Isotactic Oligomers Generated within Monolayers at the Air?Water Interface
’Absolute’ Asymmetric Polymerization in 3-D Crystals
Generation of Isotactic Oligopeptides via Polymerization in Racemic Crystals
Isotactic Oligopeptides from the Polymerization of Racemic Val NCA or Leu NCA in Aqueous Solution
Racemic ß-Sheets in the Polymerization of a-Amino-Acids in Aqueous Solutions: Homochiral Oligopeptides and Copeptides via the ’Ehler-Orgel’ Reaction
Isotactic Oligopeptides from Racemic Thioesters of DL-Leu and DL-Val
Conclusions
SYNTHESIS OF ABIOTIC FOLDAMERS
Introduction
Phenylene Ethynylene Foldamers
Helical Aromatic Amides
Helical Aromatic Ureas
Helical Aromatic Hydrazides
Heterocyclic Foldamers
Conclusions
CYLINDRICAL POLYMER BRUSHES
Introduction
Synthesis of CPBs
Properties of CPBs
CPBs as a Template for 1-D Inorganic/Hybrid Nanostructures
Closing Remarks
BLOCK COPOLYMERS BY MULTI-MODE POLYMERIZATIONS
Introduction
Coupling Methods
Transformation Reactions
Dual Polymerizations
Conclusions
ADVANCES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC POLYMERS
Introduction
Bimolecular Approach
Unimolecular Approach
Ring-Expansion Approach
Conclusions
CYCLODEHYDROGENATION IN THE SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE-TYPE MOLECULES
Introduction
Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclodehydrogenation (Scholl Reaction)
Base-Induced Cyclodehydrogenation
Oxidative Photocyclization (Mallory Reaction)
Surface-Assisted Cyclodehydrogenation
Conclusions
POLYMERIZATIONS IN MICRO-REACTORS
Introduction
Polymerization Reactions with Excess Heat Production
Formation of Uniform Particles
Scaling-Up
Conclusions
MINIEMULSION POLYMERIZATION
Introduction
Radical Polymerization
Controlled Radical Polymerizations
Radiation-Induced Polymerization
Metal-Catalyzed Polymerizations
Ionic Polymerizations
Polyaddition
Polycondensation
Enzymatic Polymerization
Oxidative Polymerization
New Synthetic Approaches in Miniemulsion
Conclusions
NEW CONJUGATED POLYMERS AND SYNTHETIC METHODS
Introduction
New Polymers Prepared via Chain-Growth Methods
Mechanism
Remaining Limitations

A. Dieter Schlüter is since 2004 Professor for polymer chemistry at the Materials Department of the ETH Zürich. He studied chemistry and geophysics at the University of Munich and received in 1984 his Ph D under the supervision of Prof. G. Szeimies. After post-doctoral fellowships with Prof. K. P.C. Vollhardt (UC Berkeley, USA) and Prof. W.J. Feast (University of Durham, UK) he was head of the polymer synthesis research group in Prof. G. Wegner’s department at the Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung (Mainz, Germany). 1991 he finished his habilitation, received a scholarship award of the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie and started as Professor for polymer chemistry at the
University of Karlsruhe. From 1992 to 2004 he was Full Professor at the Free University of Berlin. Since 2012 he is an elected personal member of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences. His research interests are in the area of polymer synthesis with a visible component of organic chemistry.
Craig J. Hawker, FRS received his BSc (1984) degree from Queensland, Australia his Ph D (1988) degree from the Cambridge (UK), followed by a post-doctoral fellowship with Professor Jean M.J. Fréchet at Cornell from 1988 to 1990. In 2005 he moved from the IBM Almaden Research Center to the University of California, Santa Barbara where he is the Heeger Chair of Interdisciplinary Science. He is also the Director of the Materials Research Laboratory, founding Director of the Dow Materials Institute and visiting Chair Professor at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. His research activities focus on synthetic polymer chemistry and nanotechnology and has led to
more than 45 patents and over 300 papers. He has received a number of awards for his work and in 2010 he was named as a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Junji Sakamoto is currently a Habilitand at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich. Born in Kyoto, Japan in 1973, he studied chemistry and polymer science at Kyoto University, and earned his Ph D in 2002 on the synthesis of polysaccharides under the supervision of Prof. S. Kobayashi. He carried out his postdoctoral research with Prof. K. Müllen at the Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany, working on the synthesis of dendrimers (2002-2004). He then moved to the group of Prof. A.D. Schlüter at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, working on the synthesis of macrocycles, where since 2006 he has been a group leader for 2D polymers, Suzuki polycondensation and new polymerization methodology leading to unprecedented structures.