Levent Yilmaz & Tuncer Ören 
Agent-Directed Simulation and Systems Engineering [PDF ebook] 

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The only book to present the synergy between modeling and simulation, systems engineering, and agent technologies expands the notion of agent-based simulation to also deal with agent simulation and agent-supported simulation. Accessible to both practitioners and managers, it systematically addresses designing and building agent systems from a systems engineering perspective.

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Foreword VII

Preface XIX

List of Contributors XXIII

Part One Background 1

1 Modeling and Simulation: a Comprehensive and Integrative View 3
Tuncer I. Ören

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Simulation: Several Perspectives 4

1.2.1 Purpose of Use 4

1.2.2 Problem to Be Solved 8

1.2.3 Connectivity of Operations 9

1.2.4 M&S as a Type of Knowledge Processing 9

1.2.5 M&S from the Perspective of Philosophy of Science 13

1.3 Model-Based Activities 13

1.3.1 Model Building 15

1.3.2 Model-Base Management 15

1.3.3 Model Processing 15

1.3.4 Behavior Generation 17

1.4 Synergies of M&S: Mutual and Higher-Order Contributions 20

1.5 Advancement of M&S 20

1.6 Preeminence of M&S 24

1.6.1 Physical Tools 27

1.6.2 Knowledge-Based or Soft Tools 27

1.6.3 Knowledge Generation Tools 30

1.7 Summary and Conclusions 32

2 Autonomic Introspective Simulation Systems 37
Levent Yilmaz and Bradley Mitchell

2.1 Introduction 37

2.2 Perspective and Background on Autonomic Systems 39

2.3 Decentralized Autonomic Simulation Systems: Prospects and Issues 41

2.3.1 Motivating Scenario: Adaptive Experience Management in Distributed Mission Training 41

2.3.2 An Architectural Framework for Decentralized Autonomic Simulation Systems 42

2.3.3 Challenges and Issues 44

2.4 Symbiotic Adaptive Multisimulation: An Autonomic Simulation System 47

2.4.1 Metamodels for Introspection Layer Design 48

2.4.2 Local Adaptation: First-Order Change via Particle Swarm Optimizer 50

2.4.3 The Learning Layer: Genetic Search of Potential System Configurations 51

2.4.4 SAMS Component Architecture 52

2.5 Case Study: UAV Search and Attack Scenario 55

2.5.1 Input Factors 56

2.5.2 Agent Specifications 57

2.6 Validation and Preliminary Experimentation with SAMS 64

2.6.1 Face Validity of the UAV Model 65

2.6.2 Experiments with the Parallel SAMS Application 67

2.7 Summary 70

Part Two Agents and Modeling and Simulation 73

3 Agents: Agenthood, Agent Architectures, and Agent Taxonomies 75
Andreas Tolk and Adelinde M. Uhrmacher

3.1 Introduction 75

3.2 Agenthood 76

3.2.1 Defining Agents 76

3.2.2 Situated Environment and Agent Society 78

3.3 Agent Architectures 79

3.3.1 Realizing Situatedness 79

3.3.2 Realizing Autonomy 81

3.3.3 Realizing Flexibility 82

3.3.4 Architectures and Characteristics 84

3.4 Agenthood Implications for Practical Applications 86

3.4.1 Systems Engineering, Simulation, and Agents 87

3.4.2 Modeling and Simulating Human Behavior for Systems Engineering 88

3.4.3 Simulation-Based Testing in Systems Engineering 91

3.4.4 Simulation as Support for Decision Making in Systems Engineering 93

3.4.5 Implications for Modeling and Simulation Methods 94

3.5 Agent Taxonomies 96

3.5.1 History and Application-Specific Taxonomies 96

3.5.2 Categorizing the Agent Space 99

3.6 Concluding Discussion 101

4 Agent-directed Simulation 111
Levent Yilmaz and Tuncer I. Ören

4.1 Introduction 111

4.2 Background 113

4.2.1 Software Agents 113

4.2.2 Complexity 113

4.2.3 Complex Systems of Systems 114

4.2.4 Software Agents within the Spectrum of Computational Paradigms 115

4.3 Categorizing the Use of Agents in Simulation 118

4.3.1 Agent Simulation 118

4.3.2 Agent-Based Simulation 119

4.3.3 Agent-Supported Simulation 119

4.4 Agent Simulation 120

4.4.1 A Metamodel for Agent System Models 120

4.4.2 A Taxonomy for Modeling Agent System Models 122

4.4.3 Using Agents as Model Design Metaphors: Agent-Based Modeling 123

4.4.4 Simulation of Agent Systems 127

4.5 Agent-Based Simulation 129

4.5.1 Autonomic Introspective Simulation 130

4.5.2 Agent-Coordinated Simulator for Exploratory Multisimulation 131

4.6 Agent-Supported Simulation 134

4.6.1 Agent-Mediated Interoperation of Simulations 135

4.6.2 Agent-Supported Simulation for Decision Support 139

4.7 Summary 141

Part Three Systems Engineering and Quality Assurance for Agent-Directed Simulation 145

5 Systems Engineering: Basic Concepts and Life Cycle 147
Steven M. Biemer and Andrew P. Sage

5.1 Introduction 147

5.2 Agent-Based Systems Engineering 148

5.3 Systems Engineering Definition and Attributes 148

5.3.1 Knowledge 149

5.3.2 People and Information Management 150

5.3.3 Processes 151

5.3.4 Methods and Tools 156

5.3.5 The Need for Systems Engineering 157

5.4 The System Life Cycle 157

5.4.1 Conceptual Design (Requirements Analysis) 160

5.4.2 Preliminary Design (Systems Architecting) 161

5.4.3 Detailed Design and Development 161

5.4.4 Production and Construction 163

5.4.5 Operational Use and System Support 164

5.5 Key Concepts of Systems Engineering 164

5.5.1 Integrating Perspectives into the Whole 164

5.5.2 Risk Management 165

5.5.3 Decisions and Trade Studies (the Strength of Alternatives) 166

5.5.4 Modeling and Evaluating the System 168

5.6 Summary 169

6 Quality Assurance of Simulation Studies of Complex Networked Agent Systems 173
Osman Balci, William F. Ormsby, and Levent Yilmaz

6.1 Introduction 173

6.2 Characteristics of Open Agent Systems 174

6.3 Issues in the Quality Assurance of Agent Simulations 175

6.4 Large-Scale Open Complex Systems – The Network-Centric System Metaphor 177

6.5 M&S Challenges for Large-Scale Open Complex Systems 179

6.6 Quality Assessment of Simulations of Large-Scale Open Systems 181

6.7 Conclusions 186

7 Failure Avoidance in Agent-directed Simulation: Beyond Conventional v&v and qa 189
Tuncer I. Ören and Levent Yilmaz

7.1 Introduction 189

7.1.1 The Need for a Fresh Look 189

7.1.2 Basic Terms 191

7.2 What Can Go Wrong 192

7.2.1 Increasing Importance of M&S 192

7.2.2 Contributions of Simulation to Failure Avoidance 192

7.2.3 Need for Failure Avoidance in Simulation Studies 194

7.2.4 Some Sources of Failure in M&S 196

7.3 Assessment for M&S 198

7.3.1 Types of Assessment 198

7.3.2 Criteria for Assessment 200

7.3.3 Elements of M&S to be Studied 200

7.4 Need for Multiparadigm Approach for Successful M&S Projects 200

7.4.1 V&V Paradigm for Successful M&S Projects 201

7.4.2 QA Paradigm for Successful M&S Projects 203

7.4.3 Failure Avoidance Paradigm for Successful M&S Projects 204

7.4.4 Lessons Learned and Best Practices for Successful M&S Projects 204

7.5 Failure Avoidance for Agent-Based Modeling 206

7.5.1 Failure Avoidance in Rule-Based Systems 207

7.5.2 Failure Avoidance in Autonomous Systems 208

7.5.3 Failure Avoidance in Agents with Personality, Emotions, and Cultural Background 209

7.5.4 Failure Avoidance in Inputs 210

7.6 Failure Avoidance for Systems Engineering 212

7.7 Conclusion 213

8 Toward Systems Engineering for Agent-directed Simulation 219
Levent Yilmaz

8.1 Introduction 219

8.2 What Is a System? 220

8.2.1 What Is Systems Engineering? 220

8.2.2 The Functions of Systems Engineering 220

8.3 Modeling and Simulation 221

8.4 The Synergy of M&S and SE 221

8.4.1 The Role of M&S in Systems 221

8.4.2 Why Does M&S Require SE? 222

8.4.3 Why Is SSE Necessary? 222

8.5 Toward Systems Engineering for Agent-Directed Simulation 222

8.5.1 The Essence of Complex Adaptive Open Systems (CAOS) 223

8.5.2 The Merits of ADS 224

8.5.3 Systems Engineering for Agent-Directed Simulation 225

8.6 Sociocognitive Framework for ADS-SE 225

8.6.1 Social-Cognitive View 226

8.6.2 The Dimensions of Representation 227

8.6.3 The Functions for Analysis 228

8.7 Case Study: Human-Centered Work Systems 228

8.7.1 Operational Level – Organizational Subsystem 229

8.7.2 Operational Level – Organizational Subsystem 230

8.7.3 Operational Level – Integration of Organization and Social Subsystems 232

8.7.4 The Technical Level 232

8.8 Conclusions 235

9 Design and Analysis of Organization Adaptation in Agent Systems 237
Virginia Dignum, Frank Dignum, and Liz Sonenberg

9.1 Introduction 237

9.2 Organizational Model 239

9.3 Organizational Structure 240

9.3.1 Organizational Structures in Organization Theory 240

9.3.2 Organizational Structures in Multiagent Systems 241

9.4 Organization and Environment 242

9.4.1 Environment Characteristics 242

9.4.2 Congruence 244

9.5 Organization and Autonomy 245

9.6 Reorganization 247

9.6.1 Organizational Utility 247

9.6.2 Organizational Change 248

9.7 Organizational Design 250

9.7.1 Designing Organizational Simulations 252

9.7.2 Application Scenario 253

9.8 Understanding Simulation of Reorganization 256

9.8.1 Reorganization Dimensions 257

9.8.2 Analyzing Simulation Case Studies 257

9.9 Conclusions 263

10 Programming Languages, Environments, and Tools for Agent-directed Simulation 269
Yu Zhang, Mark Lewis, and Maarten Sierhuis

10.1 Introduction 269

10.2 Architectural Style for ADS 271

10.3 Agent-Directed Simulation – An Overview 272

10.3.1 Language 273

10.3.2 Environment 275

10.3.3 Service 276

10.3.4 Application 276

10.4 A Survey of Five ADS Platforms 277

10.4.1 Ascape 277

10.4.2 Net Logo 280

10.4.3 Repast 283

10.4.4 Swarm 286

10.4.5 Mason 289

10.5 Brahms – A Multiagent Simulation for Work System Analysis and Design 291

10.5.1 Language 291

10.5.2 Environment 295

10.5.3 Service 298

10.5.4 Application 299

10.6 CASESim – A Multiagent Simulation for Cognitive Agents for Social Environment 300

10.6.1 Language 302

10.6.2 Environment 302

10.6.3 Service 306

10.6.4 Application 310

10.7 Conclusion 312

11 Simulation for Systems Engineering 317
Joachim Fuchs

11.1 Introduction 317

11.2 The Systems Engineering Process 317

11.3 Modeling and Simulation Support 318

11.4 Facilities 320

11.5 An Industrial Use Case: Space Systems 321

11.5.1 Simulators for Analysis and Design 323

11.5.2 Facility for Spacecraft Qualification and Acceptance 325

11.5.3 Facility for Ground System Qualification and Testing and Operations 325

11.6 Outlook 325

11.7 Conclusions 327

12 Agent-directed Simulation for Systems Engineering 329
Philip S. Barry, Matthew T.K. Koehler, and Brian F. Tivnan

12.1 Introduction 329

12.2 New Approaches Are Needed 331

12.2.1 Employing ADS Through the Framework of Empirical Relevance 332

12.2.2 Simulating Systems of Systems 334

12.3 Agent-Directed Simulation for the Systems Engineering of Human Complex Systems 336

12.3.1 A Call for Agents in the Study of Human Complex Systems 337

12.3.2 Noteworthy Agent-Directed Simulations in the Science of Human Complex Systems 338

12.4 A Model-Centered Science of Human Complex Systems 338

12.5 An Infrastructure for the Engineering of Human Complex Systems 339

12.5.1 Components of the Infrastructure for Complex Systems Engineering 339

12.5.2 Modeling Goodness 341

12.5.3 The Genetic Algorithm Optimization Toolkit 341

12.6 Case Studies 344

12.6.1 Case Study 1: Defending The Stadium 345

12.6.2 Case Study 2: Secondary Effects from Pandemic Influenza 350

12.7 Summary 355

Part Four Agent-Directed Simulation for Systems Engineering 361

13 Agent-implemented Experimental Frames for Net-centric Systems Test and Evaluation 363
Bernard P. Zeigler, Dane Hall, and Manuel Salas

13.1 Introduction 363

13.2 The Need for Verification Requirements 364

13.3 Experimental Frames and System Entity Structures 366

13.4 Decomposition and Design of System Architecture 371

13.5 Employing Agents in M&S-Based Design, Verification and Validation 376

13.6 Experimental Frame Concepts for Agent Implementation 378

13.7 Agent-Implemented Experimental Frames 381

13.8 DEVS/SOA: Net-Centric Execution Using Simulation Service 382

13.8.1 Automation of Agent Attachment to System Components 382

13.8.2 DEVS-Agent Communications/Coordination 384

13.8.3 DEVS-Agent Endomorphic Models 386

13.9 Summary and Conclusions 388

13.A c Auto DEVS – A Tool for the Bifurcated Methodology 391

14 Agents and Decision Support Systems 399
Andreas Tolk, Poornima Madhavan, Jeffrey W. Tweedale, and Lakhmi C. Jain

14.1 Introduction 399

14.1.1 History 399

14.1.2 Motivating Agent-Directed Decision Support Simulation Systems 401

14.1.3 Working Definitions 403

14.2 Cognitive Foundations for Decision Support 405

14.2.1 Decision Support Systems as Social Actors 406

14.2.2 How to Present the System to the User and Improve Trust 407

14.2.3 Relevance for the Engineer 410

14.3 Technical Foundations for Decision Support 411

14.3.1 Machine-Based Understanding for Decision Support 412

14.3.2 Requirements for Systems When Being Used for Decision Support 413

14.3.3 Agent-Directed Multimodel and Multisimulation Support 417

14.3.4 Methods Applicable to Support Agent-Directed Decision Support Simulation Systems 418

14.4 Examples for Intelligent and Agent-Directed Decision Support Simulation Systems 421

14.4.1 Supporting Command and Control 421

14.4.2 Supporting Inventory Control and Integrated Logistics 423

14.5 Conclusion 426

15 Agent Simulation for Software Process Performance Analysis 433
Levent Yilmaz and Jared Phillips

15.1 Introduction 433

15.2 Related Work 435

15.2.1 Organization-Theoretic Perspective for Simulation-Based Analysis of Software Processes 435

15.2.2 Simulation Methods for Software Process Performance Analysis 436

15.3 Team-RUP: A Framework for Agent Simulation of Software Development Organizations 437

15.3.1 Organization Structure 437

15.3.2 Team-RUP Task Model 438

15.3.3 Team-RUP Team Archetypes and Cooperation Mechanisms 439

15.3.4 Reward Mechanism in Team-RUP 440

15.4 Design and Implementation of Team-RUP 441

15.4.1 Performance Metrics 443

15.4.2 Validation of the Model 444

15.5 Results and Discussion 445

15.6 Conclusions 447

16 Agent-Directed Simulation for Manufacturing System Engineering 451
Jeffrey S. Smith, Erdal Sahin, and Levent Yilmaz

16.1 Introduction 451

16.1.1 Manufacturing Systems 452

16.1.2 Agent-Based Modeling 453

16.2 Simulation Modeling and Analysis for Manufacturing Systems 454

16.2.1 Manufacturing System Design 455

16.2.2 Manufacturing Operation 458

16.3 Agent-Directed Simulation for Manufacturing Systems 463

16.3.1 Emergent Approaches 463

16.3.2 Agent-Based Manufacturing 464

16.3.3 The Holonic Approach: Hierarchic Open Agent Systems 466

16.4 Summary 468

17 Organization and Work Systems Design and Engineering: from Simulation to Implementation of Multiagent Systems 475
Maarten Sierhuis, William J. Clancey, and Chin H. Seah

17.1 Introduction 475

17.2 Work Systems Design 475

17.2.1 Existing Work System Design Methods 476

17.2.2 A Brief History of Work Systems Design 477

17.3 Modeling and Simulation of Work Systems 478

17.3.1 Designing Work Systems: What Is the Purpose and What Can Go Wrong? 478

17.3.2 The Difficulty of Convincing Management 479

17.4 Work Practice Modeling and Simulation 480

17.4.1 Practice vs. Process 481

17.4.2 Modeling Work Practice 481

17.5 The Brahms Language 487

17.5.1 Simulation or Execution with Brahms 488

17.5.2 Modeling People and Organizations 489

17.5.3 Modeling Artifacts and Data Objects 490

17.5.4 Modeling Communication 492

17.5.5 Modeling Location and Movement 493

17.5.6 Java Integration 495

17.6 Systems Engineering: From Simulation to Implementation 496

17.6.1 A Cyclic Approach 498

17.6.2 Modeling Current Operations 499

17.6.3 Modeling Future Operations 501

17.6.4 MAS Implementation 502

17.7 A Case Study: The OCA Mirroring System 503

17.7.1 Mission Control as a Socio-Technical Work System 504

17.7.2 The OCA Officer’s Work System 505

17.7.3 Simulating the Current OCA Work System 505

17.7.4 Designing the Future OCA Work System 510

17.7.5 Simulating the Future OCA Work System 511

17.7.6 Implementing OCAMS 511

17.8 Conclusion 514

Index 517

Om författaren

Levent Yilmaz is assistant professor of computer science and software engineering at the College of Engineering, Auburn University, USA. Before joining the faculty in 2003, Professor Yilmaz worked as a senior research engineer in the Simulation and Software Division of Trident Systems, Inc., where he held the position of a lead project engineer and principle investigator for advanced simulation methodology, model-based verification, and simulation interoperability efforts. Professor Yilmaz received his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA.

Tuncer I. Oren is professor emeritus of computer science at the School of Information Technology and Engineering (SITE) of the University of Ottawa, Canada, where he held a chair as full professor from 1981 to 1996. Professor Oren’s research interests focus on the topics of modelling and simulation, agent-directed simulation, cognitive simulation, reliability and quality, and ethics in simulation. He has published over 300 papers and several books.

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Språk Engelska ● Formatera PDF ● ISBN 9783527627790 ● Filstorlek 11.7 MB ● Redaktör Levent Yilmaz & Tuncer Ören ● Utgivare Wiley-VCH ● Land DE ● Publicerad 2009 ● Utgåva 1 ● Nedladdningsbara 24 månader ● Valuta EUR ● ID 2441277 ● Kopieringsskydd Adobe DRM
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