Praise for the First Edition
’If there is anything you want to know, or remind
yourself, about probabilities, then look no further than this
comprehensive, yet wittily written and enjoyable, compendium of how
to apply probability calculations in real-world
situations.’
– Keith Devlin, Stanford University, National Public
Radio’s ’Math Guy’ and author of The Math
Gene and The Unfinished Game
From probable improbabilities to regular irregularities,
Probabilities: The Little Numbers That Rule Our Lives, Second
Edition investigates the often surprising effects of risk and
chance in our lives. Featuring a timely update, the Second
Edition continues to be the go-to guidebook for an entertaining
presentation on the mathematics of chance and uncertainty.
The new edition develops the fundamental mathematics of probability
in a unique, clear, and informal way so readers with various levels
of experience with probability can understand the little numbers
found in everyday life. Illustrating the concepts of probability
through relevant and engaging real-world applications, the
Second Edition features numerous examples on weather
forecasts, DNA evidence, games and gambling, and medical testing.
The revised edition also includes:
* The application of probability in finance, such as option
pricing
* The introduction of branching processes and the extinction of
family names
* An extended discussion on opinion polls and Nate Silver’s
election predictions
Probabilities: The Little Numbers That Rule Our Lives, Second
Edition is an ideal reference for anyone who would like to
obtain a better understanding of the mathematics of chance, as well
as a useful supplementary textbook for students in any course
dealing with probability.
Innehållsförteckning
Preface ix
Preface to the First Edition xi
1 Computing Probabilities: Right Ways and Wrong Ways 1
The Probabilist 1
The Probabilist’s Toys and Language 4
The Probabilist’s Rule Book 10
Independence, Airplanes, and Russian Peasants 15
Conditional Probability, Swedish TV, and British Courts 20
Liar, Liar 25
Car Dealers and Color Blindness 29
Shuttlecocks and Spaghetti Westerns 34
Combinatorics, Pastrami, and Poetry 40
The Von Trapps and The Binomial Distribution 45
Final Word 51
2 Surprising Probabilities: When Intuition Struggles 53
Boys, Girls, Aces, and Colored Cards 53
Goats and Gloats 58
Happy Birthday 61
Typical Atypicalities 66
The British Snob and I 72
Strategery 75
Final Word 78
3 Tiny Probabilities: Why Are They So Hard to Escape? 79
Probable Improbabilities 79
Saddam and I 83
Taking Tiny Risks 89
A Million-to-One Shot, Doc, Million to One! 91
Monsieur Poisson and the Mysterious Number 37 93
Clumps in Space 98
Final Word 100
4 Backward Probabilities: The Reverend Bayes to Our Rescue 101
Driving Miss Daisy 101
Bayes, Balls, and Boys (and Girls) 104
Bayes and My Green Card 107
Objection Your Honor 112
Ornithology 122
Final Word 125
5 Beyond Probabilities: What to Expect 127
Great Expectations 127
The Price is Right (Maybe) 134
Blood, Sweat, and Theory 137
Good Things Come to Those Who Wait 140
Expect the Unexpected 145
Exponential Growth toward Extinction 149
Size Matters (and Length, and Age) 159
Mean, Median, Mode 165
Deviant Behavior 171
Final Word 176
6 Inevitable Probabilities: Two Fascinating Mathematical Results 177
Alea Iacta Est, Over and Over 177
Even-Steven? The Law Misunderstood 181
Coin Tosses and Freeway Congestion 188
Let’s Get Serious 195
Bells and Bread 200
How a Toronto Quincunx Changed My Life 204
Final Word 206
7 Gambling Probabilities: Why Donald Trump Is Richer than You 209
French Letters 209
Roulette: A Classy Way to Waste Your Money 214
Craps: Not so Dicey after All 219
Blackjack: Money for Mnemonics 222
Math for Losers 227
Win Money and Lose Friends 234
Final Word 245
8 Guessing Probabilities: Enter the Statisticians 247
Lies, Damned Lies, and Beautiful Lies? 247
4 Out of 10 Like the President 19 Times Out of 20 251
Polls Gone Wild 257
The Silver Lining 262
The Lawsuit and the Lurker 265
Football Players and Geyser Eruptions 271
Snooping in the Abbot’s Garden 278
Final Word 284
9 Faking Probabilities: Computer Simulation 285
Mahogany Dice and Modular Arithmetic 285
Random and Not-So-Random Digits 293
Number One is Number One 294
Is Random Really Random? 297
Final Word 302
Index 305
Om författaren
Peter Olofsson, Ph D, is Professor in the Department of Mathematics at Trinity University, USA. An active researcher in the field of applied probability and an experienced teacher, Dr. Olofsson is the author of Probability, Statistics, and Stochastic Processes, Second Edition, also published by Wiley.
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