Trevor M Letcher 
Developments and Applications in Solubility [PDF ebook] 

Part One: THEORY, TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS; Chapter 1: Thermodynamics of Nonelectrolyte Solubility; 1: Introduction; 2: Thermodynamics; 3: Subtleties of Approximation; 4: Concluding Remarks; Chapter 2: Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solubility; 1: Introduction; 2: The Solubility Product; 3: Ion Pairing; 4: Complexation; 5: Electrolye Activities; 6: Pitzer Theory; 7: Treatment of Non-Aqueous or Mixed Aqueous Solvents; Chapter 3: Experimental, Calculated and Predicted Solubilities – Basis for the Synthesis and Design of Thermal Separation Processes; 1: Introduction; 2: Thermodynamic Fundamentals; 3: Available Solubility Data; Software Package (DDBSP); 4: Conclusion; Chapter 4: Solubility of Gases in Ionic Liquids, Aqueous Solutions and Mixed Solvents; 1: Introduction; 2: Fundamentals; 3: Experimental Arrangements; Apparatus for measuring the solubility of a single gas in a solvent at elevated pressures; Apparatus for measuring the simultaneous solubility of ammonia and a sour gas in a solvent at elevated pressures; Apparatus for measuring the solubility of a sour gas in aqueous solutions of amines at low pressures; 4: Experimental Results and Comparison with Predictions/Correlations; Gas solubility in ionic liquids; Gas solubility in aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes; Solubility of ammonia and sour gases in water and aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes; Solubility of sour gases in aqueous solutions of amines; Gas solubility in mixed solvents (water + organic compounds); Gas solubility in mixed solvents (water + organic compound + strong electrolyte); Chapter 5: SOLUBILITY PHENOMENA IN ’GREEN’ QUATERNARY MIXTURES (Ionic Liquid + Water + Alcohol + CO2); 1: Introduction; 2: Liquid-Liquid Equilibria: Co-solvent effects in Ternary Mixtures; 3: Liquid-Liquid-Vapour Equilibria: The CO2 anti-solvent effect.; 4: Quaternary systems IL + water + alcohol + CO2; Cascade of phase changes as switching devices for integrated reaction + separation; Chapter 6: The Solubility of Gases in Water and Seawater; 1: Introduction; 2: Quantities Used as a Measure of Gas Solubility; 3: Oxygen Solubility in Water; 4: Two Related Experiments that Complement Gas Solubility Data; 5: Treatment of Data; 6: The Solubility of Gases in Water; 7: Annotated Bibliography of the Solubility of Gases in Water; 8: Annotated Bibliography of the Solubility of Gases in Seawater; 9: Summary; Chapter 7: Isotope Effects on Solubility; 1: Introduction; 2: Theoretical Background; 3: Liquid-Liquid Equilibria; 3.1: Small Molecule Solutions Including Aqueous Systems; 3.2: Polymer Systems and Polymer Solutions; 4: Solubility of Gases in Liquids; 5: Solubility of Ionic Solids in H2O/D2O; Chapter 8: Solubility of Organic Solids for Industry; 1: Introduction; 2: Solubility in Binary Systems; 1.1: Solid-Liquid Equilibria in Binary Systems; 1.2: Liquid-Liquid Equilibria in Binary Systems; 3: Solubility in Ternary Systems; 3.1: Solubility of Solids in Binary Solvent Mixtures; 3.2: Solubility of Mixtures of Two Solids in a Solvent; 3.3: Liquid-Liquid Equilibria in Ternary Systems; 4: Correlation Methods; 5: Prediction Methods; 6: High Pressure Solid-Liquid Equilibria; 7: Polymers Solubility; 8: Ionic Liquids Solubility; Chapter 9: CO2 Solubility in Alkylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids; 1: Introduction; Symbolism; 2: Phase Behaviour; 3: Molecular Interactions; 4: Effect of Anion; 5: Effect of Cation Alkyl Chain Length; 6: Substitution in C2 Position; 7: Effects of Impurities; 8: Conclusions and Summary; Part Two: MODELLING AND SIMULATION; Chapter 10: Solubility and Molecular Modelling; 1: Introduction; 2: Thermodynamics of Solution; 3: Modelling Solubility; Molecular Force Fields; Free Energy Routes; 4: Solute-Solvent Interactions in Ionic Liquids; 5: Conclusion; Chapter 11: Molecular Simulation Approaches to Solubility; 1: Introduction; 2: Solubility; 3: Computing Solubility for the Infinite Dilution Limit; Thermodynamic Integration; Free Energy Perturbation; Expanded Ensembles; Transition Matrix Monte Carlo; Gibbs Ensemble; Continuum Solvation Models; 4: Computing the Solubility Limit; 5: Finite Size Effects; Chapter 12: Prediction of Solubility with COSMO-RS; 1: Introduction; 2: COSMO-RS; 3: Computational Details; 4: Solubility; 5: Salt Solubility; 6: Summary and Conclusions; Part Three: INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS; Chapter 13: Solubility of impurities in cryogenic liquids; 1: Introduction; 2: Loss of Prevention in Cryogenic Plants; 3: Experimental Methods; Synthetic-Optical Method; Evaporation Method; The static-analytical methods: spectroscopic analysis; The static-analytical methods: Chromatographic analysis; 4: Review of Literature data; 5: Conclusions; Chapter 14: Solubility of BTEX and Acid Gases in Alkanolamine Solutions in relation to the Environment; 1: Introduction; 2: Choice of Amine; 3: Experimental Techniques; 4: Experimental Results; 5: Thermodynamics Frameworks; 6: Conclusion; Chapter 15: Solubility of Solids in Bayer Liquors; 1: Introduction; 2: Pitzer Equation; 3: Comprehensive Pitzer Model for Synthetic Bayer liquors; 4: Model Validation and Solubilities in Multi-component Systems; 5: Conclusion; Chapter 16: Solubility of Gases in Polymers; 1: Introduction; 2: Experimental Measurements of Gas Solubility; 2.1: Gravimetric Techniques; 2.2: Vibration or Oscillating Techniques; 2.3: PVT-Techniques and the Pressure Decay Method; 2.4: Gas Flow Techniques; 2.5: The Coupled VW-PVT-Technique; 3: Experimental Evaluation of Gas-Polymer Interactions and Thermophysical Properties; 4: Importance of Solubility and Associated Properties for Industrial Applications; 5: Conclusion; Chapter 17: Solubility in the Hydrometallurgical Leaching Process; 1: Mineral Processing by Aqueous Solutions; 2: Dissolution of Sulphidic Zinc Concentrate and Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer; 3: Oxygen Solubility; 4: Solubilities of Solids in Process Solutions; 5: Concluding Remarks; Chapter 18: Solubility Related to Reaction and Process Design; 1: Introduction; 2: Educt Purification and Additive Introduction; Example 1 -Polyurethane Foam Quality; 3: Reaction Design; Example 2 – Polyether Reaction Design; Example 3 – Chloroformate Reaction Design; Example 4 – Formaldahyde Production; Example 5 – Polyester Reaction Design; 4: Separation Processes; Example 6 – Furfural Production; 5: Surprising effects of Solubilities; Example 7 – Polyether Reaction Design; Example 8 – FID Alarm in Fermentation Reactor; 6: Conclusion; Chapter 19: Measurements and modelling solid solubilities in supercritical phases: application to a pharmaceutical molecule, eflucimibe; 1: Introduction; 2: Experimental – Equipment and Procedures; 3: Solubility in pure CO2; 4: Ethanol and DMSO co-solvent effects; 5: Modelling; 6: Extension of the Chrastil Model; 7: Generalizing the Mendoz-Santiago-Teja Model; 8: Conclusion; Chapter 20: Solubility in Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries; 1: Industrial Importance; 2: Water Solubility; 3: Organic and Mixed Solvent Solubility; 4: Liquid-Liquid Solubility; 5: Solubility in Supercritical Fluids; 6: Conclusions; Chapter 21: Solubility of Solids in Radioactive Waste Repositories; 1: Introduction; 2: The safety concept of a geological repository; 3: Solubility of solids in repository safety assessments; What is the composition of the solution?; Which are the relevant thermodynamic data?; Which are the relevant solid phases?; Chapter 22: Carbon Dioxide in Chemical Processes; 1: Applications of CO2; 2: Carbon Dioxide in Multiphase Aqueous Systems; 3: Applications in the Process Industries; 4: Dynamic Systems; 5: Concluding Remarks; Chapter 23: SOLUBILITY AND THE OIL INDUSTRY; 1: Introduction; 2: Theory; 3: Experimental methods; 4: Literature review; 4.1: Gases in liquids; 4.2: Liquids in gases; 4.3: Liquids in liquids; 4.4: Gases in solids; 4.5: Solids in gases; 4.6: Solids in liquids; 4.7: Gases, liquids and solids; 5: New results; Chapter 24: Solubility of Inorganic Salts and their Industrial Importance; 1: Introduction; 2: Oceanic Salts; 2.1: Production of K2SO4; 2..2: Solution mining of Carnallite; 3: Salts from non-Oceanic Salt Lakes; 4: Salt Phase Formation in Building Materials; 5: Salt Hydrates for Heat Storage