As in the terrestrial environment, most data collection from freshwater habitats to date falls into the survey, surveillance or research categories. The critical difference between these exercises and a monitoring project is that a monitoring project will clearly identify when we need to make a management response. A Model for Conservation Management and Monitoring Monitoring (as defined by Hellawell) is essentially a tool of practical conservation management, and Fig. 1.1 shows a simple, but effective, model for nature conser- tion management and monitoring. The need for clear decision-making is implicit in this model. First we must decide what would represent a favourable state for the key habitat or species, and then we must decide when to intervene if the state is (or becomes) unfavourable. A third, often overlooked, but equally important, decision concerns when we would consider the habitat or species to have recovered; this is unlikely to be the same point that we became concerned about it. This decision not only has resource imp- cations, it can also have major implications for other habitats and species (prey species are an obvious example). All of these decisions are essential to the devel- ment of an efficient and effective monitoring project.
สารบัญ
Setting the scene.- Conservation Monitoring in Freshwater Habitats: An Introduction.- Options for Planning Management.- The Water Framework Directive and the Habitats and Birds Directives.- Biological Indicators for Freshwater Habitats.- Freshwater Mammals as Indicators of Habitat Condition.- Waterbirds as Bioindicators of Environmental Conditions.- Monitoring Fish Populations in River SACs.- Assessment of Aquatic Invertebrates.- Riverine Plants as Biological Indicators.- Phytoplankton (Toxic Algae) as Biological Indicators.- Monitoring Biological Invasions in Freshwater Habitats.- Rivers: Threats and Monitoring Issues.- Threats to River Habitats and Associated Plants and Animals.- The Development and Application of Mean Trophic Rank (MTR).- Monitoring the Ranunculion Habitat on the River Itchen: Practical Application and Constraints.- Observer Variation in River Macrophyte Surveys.- The Implications of Observer Variation for Existing Macrophyte Recording Methods.- Unitisation of Protected Rivers.- River Case Studies.- Monitoring the Ranunculion Habitat of the Western Cleddau: A Case Study.- Monitoring of Cryphaea lamyana on the Afon Teifi SSSI/SAC: A Case Study.- Monitoring Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus Ammocoetes in SAC Rivers: A Case Study on the River Wye.- Monitoring Juvenile Atlantic Salmon and Sea Trout in the River Sävarån, Northern Sweden.- Shad Monitoring in the Afon Tywi SAC: A Case Study.- Monitoring the Effects of Acidification and Liming on Water Quality in a Boreal Stream: The River Stridbäcken in Northern Sweden.- Lake and wetland case studies.- A Baseline for Monitoring the Freshwater Natura 2000 Vegetation of the Teifi Pools (Afon Teifi SAC), Wales.- Aquatic Plant Monitoring in the Broads.- Monitoring Stoneworts Chara spp. at Bosherston Lakes.-Monitoring Wetland Mammals: An Ecological Case Study.- Ringed Seals in the Gulf of Bothnia.- Integrated surveillance, monitoring and management at Doñana Natural Space.- An Integrated Monitoring Programme for Doñana Natural Space: The Set-Up and Implementation.- Monitoring Aquatic Ecosystems at Doñana Natural Space.- Endangered Waterbirds at Doñana Natural Space.- Monitoring Marsh Dynamics Through Remote Sensing.- New Technologies for Long-Term Biodiversity Monitoring.
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