Jianxin Zou & Yanna NuLi 
Magnesium-Based Energy Storage Materials and Systems [EPUB ebook] 

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

1 Overview 1

1.1 Introduction to Mg-based Hydrogen and Electric Energy Storage Materials 1

1.2 Overview of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials and Systems 2

1.3 Overview of Mg-ion Batteries 5

2 Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption in Mg-based Materials and Their Applications 9

2.1 The Characterizations of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials 9

2.1.1 An Introduction to the Crystal Structure of Mg and Mg H 2 9

2.1.2 Thermodynamic Mechanisms for the Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption of Mg/Mg H 2 9

2.1.3 Kinetic Mechanisms for the Hydrogen Absorption/Desorption of Mg/Mg H 2 10

2.2 Methods for Improving the Hydrogen Storage Performance of Mg-based Materials 14

2.2.1 Alloying 14

2.2.2 Catalyzing 18

2.2.3 Nano-structuring 21

2.2.4 Combining with Complex Hydrides 28

2.2.4.1 Combining with Metal Amides 28

2.2.4.2 Combining with Metal Boronhydrides or Alanates 30

2.3 Synthesis Technologies for Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials 33

2.3.1 Preparation Methods of Mg-based Alloys 33

2.3.1.1 Melting-based Methods 35

2.3.1.2 Hydrogen Combustion Synthesis (HCS) 35

2.3.1.3 Mechanical Alloying, Compactions and Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) Methods 37

2.3.1.4 Hydriding Chemical Vapor Deposition (HCVD) 39

2.3.2 Synthesis of Mg-based Materials with Special Structure and Morphology 41

2.3.2.1 Synthesis of Core–Shell Structured Mg-based Materials 41

2.3.2.2 Synthesis of Nanostructured Mg-based Materials 44

2.3.2.3 Synthesis of Amorphous Mg-based Materials 46

2.4 Advanced Characterization Techniques 46

2.4.1 Synchrotron Radiation 46

2.4.2 In-situ TEM 47

2.4.3 Neutron Diffraction 48

2.4.4 Theoretical Simulations 50

2.5 Fundamentals and Applications of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Tanks 52

2.5.1 An Introduction to Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Tanks 52

2.5.2 Numerical Modeling 54

2.5.2.1 Heat Transfer Equations 54

2.5.2.2 Mass Transfer Equations 55

2.5.3 Thermal Enhancement Methods 57

2.5.3.1 Powder Compaction 57

2.5.3.2 Metal Skeleton 58

2.5.3.3 Heat Transfer Pipe 58

2.5.3.4 Phase Change Material (PCM) 58

2.5.3.5 Thermochemical Material (TCM) 59

2.5.4 Practical Applications 59

3 Hydrolysis of Mg-based Hydrogen Storage Materials 61

3.1 Hydrolysis Processes of Mg/Mg H 2 62

3.2 Control of Hydrolysis Processes 63

3.2.1 Modification of Reaction Mediate 63

3.2.1.1 Modifying p H Value 63

3.2.1.2 Effects from Other Cations and Anions 66

3.2.2 Adding Catalytic Additives 69

3.2.2.1 Metal Halides 69

3.2.2.2 Metal Oxides, Sulfides and Hydrides 72

3.2.2.3 Carbon Additives 73

3.2.3 Introduction of Mg H 2 based Nanostructures 73

3.2.4 Controlling Hydrolysis Process by Alloying 74

3.2.4.1 Alloying with Active Metals 74

3.2.4.2 Alloying with Metals with Higher Corrosion Potential 75

3.2.4.3 Alloying with Si 77

3.3 Controllable Hydrolysis Systems 77

4 Electrolytes for Mg Batteries 81

4.1 Liquid Electrolytes 81

4.1.1 Aqueous Liquid Electrolytes 81

4.1.1.1 Alkaline Solutions 82

4.1.1.2 Neutral Saline Solutions 82

4.1.1.3 Seawater and Seawater/Acid Mixed Solutions 83

4.1.2 Organic Liquid Electrolytes 84

4.1.2.1 Grignard-based Electrolytes 84

4.1.2.2 HMDS-based Electrolytes 86

4.1.2.3 Mg Cl 2 –Al Cl 3 (MACC) Based Electrolytes 86

4.1.2.4 Mg(TFSI) 2 -based Electrolytes 87

4.1.2.5 Boron-centered Electrolytes 89

4.1.2.6 Other Organic Electrolytes 91

4.2 Solid and Quasi-solid State Electrolytes 93

4.2.1 Solid-state Electrolytes 93

4.2.2 Quasi-solid State Electrolytes 95

5 Cathodes and Anodes for Mg Batteries 97

5.1 Intercalation-type Cathode Materials 97

5.1.1 Chevrel Phase, CP (Mo6 T8;T= S, Se, Te) Cathode Materials 97

5.1.2 V2 O5 –mg2+ Insertion-Type Cathode Materials 100

5.1.2.1 Effect of Morphology on V2 O5 101

5.1.2.2 Effect of Layer Spacing on V2 O5 102

5.1.3 Molybdenum Oxide (Mo O3) and Uranium Oxide (α-U3 O8)–Mg2+ Insertion-type Cathode Materials 105

5.1.3.1 Molybdenum Oxide (Mo O3) Insertion-type Cathode Materials 105

5.1.3.2 Uranium Oxide (α-U3 O8) Insertion-type Cathode Materials 106

5.1.4 Layered Structure Cathode Materials 107

5.1.4.1 Layered Oxide Cathode 107

5.1.4.2 Layered Sulfides/Selenide Cathode 108

5.1.4.3 Other Layered Cathode 109

5.1.5 Spinel Structure Cathode Materials 109

5.1.5.1 Spinel Oxide Cathode 109

5.1.5.2 Spinel Sulfide Cathode 110

5.1.6 Olivine Structure Cathode Materials 110

5.1.7 NASICON Structure Cathode Materials 111

5.1.8 Carbon-based Materials 114

5.1.9 MT2 (M = Metal, T = S, Se) Type Intercalation Cathode Materials 115

5.2 Conversion-type Cathode Materials 117

5.2.1 Chalcogenides 118

5.2.2 Mg—O2 Batteries 120

5.2.3 Mg—S Batteries 122

5.2.4 Mg—Se Batteries 126

5.2.5 Mg—Te Batteries 126

5.2.6 Mg—I2 Batteries 126

5.3 Organic Cathodes 127

5.3.1 Carbonyl Compounds 127

5.3.2 Organosulfur Compounds 129

5.3.3 Nitrogen-based Compounds 130

5.4 Anodes for Mg Batteries 132

6 Conclusions and Outlook 137

List of Abbreviations 139

Chapter 1 139

Chapter 2 139

Chapter 3 141

Chapter 4 141

Chapter 5 142

References 145

Index 161

Jianxin Zou, Ph D, is Full Professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. He has previously worked in both Europe and North America, and has researched extensively into magnesium-based materials and related clean energy subjects.
Yanna Nu Li, Ph D, is Professor in the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. Her research focuses on rechargable magnesium batteries.
Zhigang Hu, Ph D, is Associate Professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. His research interestes include hydrogen storage materials and carbon capture technologies.
Xi Lin, Ph D, is Research Assistant Professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. His research concerns hydrogen storage materials and solid-state hydrogen storage systems.
Qiuyu Zhang, Ph D, is a Research Associate at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China. Her research focuses hydrogen storage material and the applications in agriculture.