Michael McKenna 
Conversation and Responsibility [PDF ebook] 

In this book Michael Mc Kenna advances a new theory of moral responsibility, one that builds upon the work of P. F. Strawson. As Mc Kenna demonstrates, moral responsibility can be explained on analogy with a conversation. The relation between a morally responsible agent and those who hold her morally responsible is similar to the relation between a speaker and her audience. A responsible agent’s actions are bearers of meaning–agent meaning–just as a speaker’s utterances are bearers of speaker meaning. Agent meaning is a function of the moral quality of the will with which the agent acts. Those who hold an agent morally responsible for what she does do so by responding to her as if in a conversation. By responding with certain morally reactive attitudes, such as resentment or indignation, they thereby communicate their regard for the meaning taken to be revealed in that agent’s actions. It is then open for the agent held responsible to respond to those holding her responsible by offering an apology, a justification, an excuse, or some other response, thereby extending the evolving conversational exchange. The conversational theory of moral responsibility that Mc Kenna develops here accepts two features of Strawson’s theory: that moral responsibility is essentially interpersonal–so that being responsible must be understood by reference to the nature of holding responsible–and that the moral emotions are central to holding responsible. While upholding these two aspects of Strawson’s theory, Mc Kenna’s theory rejects a further Strawsonian thesis, which is that holding morally responsible is more fundamental or basic than being morally responsible. On the conversational theory, the conditions for holding responsible are dependent on the nature of the agent who is responsible. So holding responsible cannot be more basic than being responsible. Nevertheless, the nature of the agent who is morally responsible is to be understood in terms of sensitivity to those who would make moral demands of her, thereby holding her responsible. Being responsible is therefore also dependent on holding responsible. Thus, neither being nor holding morally responsible is more basic than the other. They are mutually dependent.