This book presents a comprehensive review of accelerometers focusing on the basic operation principles, structure and applications. The review covers accelerometers research studies performed by authors across the globe in the last decade, including recent research in the development of new accelerometers and their applications in several areas, such as civil engineering and health sciences. This edited book includes state-of-the-art accelerometers research and technologies for relevant applications. It is organized in eleven chapters describing leading-edge research in a cross-section of fields including: optical sensors development; motion capture; applications of accelerometers in the structural health monitoring of buildings, bridges and other types of structures; characterization of dynamic properties of structures; human body and physiological monitoring; and the role of accelerometers in the measurement of children’s physical activity.