Early modern Finland is rarely the focus of attention in the study of European history, but it has a place in the context of northern European religious and political culture. While Finland was theoretically Lutheran, a religious plurality – embodied in ceremonies and interpreted as magic – survived and flourished. Blessing candles, pilgrimages, and offerings to forest spirits merged with catechism hearings and sermon preaching among the lay piety. What were the circumstances th...
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1. Introduction: Magic in a Religious Borderland
2. Lived Lutheranism and the Development of Superstition
3. Catholic Influence and Magic in Finland
4. Eastern Orthodox Inf...
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Raisa Maria Toivo is Academy of Finland Research Fellow at the University of Tampere, Finland. Her publications include Witchcraft and Gender in Early Modern Societ...
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