The year 1968 witnessed one of the great upheavals of the twentieth century, as social movements shook every continent. Across the Global North, people rebelled against post-war conformity and patriarchy, authoritarian education and factory work, imperialism and the Cold War. They took over workplaces and universities, created their own media, art and humour, and imagined another world. The legacy of 1968 lives on in many of today’s struggles, yet it is often misunderstood and caricatured.
Voices of 1968 is a vivid collection of original texts from the movements of the long 1968. We hear these struggles in their own words, showing their creativity and diversity. We see feminism, black power, anti-war activism, armed struggle, indigenous movements, ecology, dissidence, counter-culture, trade unionism, radical education, lesbian and gay struggles, and more take the stage.
Chapters cover France, Czechoslovakia, Northern Ireland, Britain, the USA, Canada, Italy, West Germany, Denmark, Mexico, Yugoslavia and Japan. Introductory essays frame the rich material – posters, speeches, manifestos, flyers, underground documents, images and more – to help readers explore the era’s revolutionary voices and ideas and understand their enduring impact on society, culture and politics today.
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Acknowledgements
What Was 1968? by Salar Mohandesi, Bjarke Skærlund Risager, and Laurence Cox
1. United States
Paul Potter: The Incredible War (1965)
General Gordon Baker, Jr.: Letter to Draft Board 100, Wayne County, Detroit, Michigan (1965)
The Diggers: Trip Without a Ticket (1967)
Tom Hayden: Two, Three, Many Columbias (1968)
Redstockings Manifesto (1969)
The Black Panther Party and Young Patriots Organization: Right On! (1969)
Young Lords Party: 13-Point Program and Platform (1970)
2. Canada
Front de Libération du Québec: Message of the FLQ to the Nation (1963)
Charles Gagnon and Pierre Vallières: Letter to Stokely Carmichael (1968)
Keith Byrne, Rosie Douglas, and Elder Thébaud: Black Writers Congress: The Organizers Talk … (1968)
Native Alliance for Red Power: Eight-Point Program (1969)
Workers’ Unity: Salt of the Earth … Two for the Price of One (1971)
Corporation des Enseignants du Québec: Phase One (1971)
Vancouver Women’s Caucus: Lesbians Belong in the Women’s Movement (1972)
3. Mexico
National Strike Council: List of Demands (1968)
National Strike Council: For a Worker/Peasant/Student Alliance (1968)
Gilberto Guevara Niebla, Ana Ignacia Rodríguez, and María Alice Martínez Medrano: Eyewitness Accounts (1971)
Jaime Sabines: Tlatelolco, 68 (1972)
Party of the Poor: First Principles (1972)
First Indigenous Congress: Resolutions (1974)
La Revuelta: Editorial (1976)
4. Japan
Akiyama Katsuyuki: To the Fighting Students and Workers of All Japan and the Whole World (1967)
Iwadare Hiroshi: Without Warning, Riot Police Beat Citizens As
Well: Dispatch from Our Reporter Inside the Maelstrom (1968)Council on Armed Revolution, Red Army Faction, Communist
League: Declaration of War (1969)
AMPO Interviews Makoto Oda (1969)
Tanaka Mitsu: Liberation from the Toilet (1970)
Ui Jun: Pollution and Residents Struggle (1974)
5. West Germany
Students’ Trade Union Working Group, SDS Munich, Liberal Students Association Munich, Social Democratic Higher Education Association Munich: Murder (1967)
Rudi Dutschke and Hans-Jürgen Krahl: Self-Denial Requires a Guerrilla Mindset (1967)
Kommune I: Consumer, Why are you Burning? (1967)
H. Heinemann: Observations on the Tactics and Deployment of West Berlin’s Fascistoid Press (1967)
Women’s Liberation Action Council/Helke Sander: Speech to the twenty-third SDS Delegate Conference (1968)
Wimmin’s Council of the Frankfurt Group: Statement of Accounts (1968)
Red Army Faction: Build the Red Army (1970)
Walter Mossmann: Watch on the Rhine (1974)
6. Denmark
Ole Grünbaum: Emigrate (1968)
Erland Kolding Nielsen: Democracy or Student Rule? (1968)
Lisbeth Dehn Holgersen, Åse Lading, Ninon Schloss and Marie-Louise Svane: Something is Happening, But You Don’t Know What It Is, Do You, Mr. Jones? (1970)
Jacob Ludvigsen: The Military’s “Forbidden City” on Christianshavn was Quietly Taken by Ordinary Civilians (1971)
Aqqaluk Lynge: Will We be Squeezed to Death in Your Bosom, Mother Denmark: The Fourth World and the “Rabid” Greenlanders (1975)
7. France
La Jeunesse Communiste Révolutionnaire: February 21: A Tribute to Vietnamese Heroism (1968)
Action: Why We Are Fighting (1968)
Fredy Perlman: Liberated Censier: A Revolutionary Base (1968)
Slogans (1968)
Alsthom Workers on Self-Management (1968)
Le Groupe d’Information sur les Prisons: Manifesto (1971)
Manifesto of the 343 Women (1971)
Moktar: “Everytime We Advance the Liberation of the Arab People, We Also Advance the French Revolution” (1971)
8. Italy
Occupiers of the Sapienza University: The Sapienza Theses (1967)
Movement for a Negative University/Renato Curcio: Manifesto for a Negative University (1967)
The Struggle Continues (1968)
Potere Operaio: The Lessons of the Revolt in France (1968)
Lucio Magri: One Year Later: Prague Stands Alone (1969)
Workers’ Committee of Porto Marghera: As We Work, We Workers Produce Capital: How We Reproduce Capital’s Rule Over Ourselves (1970)
Red Brigade: Communiqué no. 3 (1970)
Padua Women’s Struggle Movement/Mariarosa Dalla Costa: First Document (1971)
9. Britain
Why Vietnam Solidarity? Policy Statement by the International Council of the Vietnam Solidarity Campaign (1966)
Dave Slaney: The Occupation of LSE (1968)
J.W.: Network: or How We Beat the Gallery System (1969)
International Times: “People Round about Living in Fear” (1970)
Black Women’s Action Committee: The Oppressed of the Oppressed (1971)
Gay Liberation Front: Manifesto (1971)
10. Northern Ireland
Campaign for Social Justice: Londonderry: One Man, No Vote (1965)
Derry Housing Action Committee: ’68 DHAC ’69 (1969)
Russell Kerr, John Ryan and Anne Kerr: Three Eyewitnesses Report on Londonderry (1968)
Bowes Egan and Vincent Mc Cormack: Burntollet (1969)
“A Republican in the Civil Rights Movement” (pseudonym): Britain and the Barricade (1969)
People’s Democracy/Eilish Mc Dermott: Speech to the National Association for Irish Justice (1969)
11. Yugoslavia
Ivica Percl: Honored Professor (1968)
Resolution of the Student Demonstration (1968)
Letter from Students to Workers (1968)
Political Action Program (1968)
Proclamation of the Revolutionary Students of the Socialist University “Seven Secretaries of the Young Communist League of Yugoslavia” (1968)
D. Plamenic: Discussion held by the General Assembly of the Philosophy and Sociology Faculty (1968)
12. Czechoslovakia
Action Program of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1968)
Milan Hauner: Rudi Dutschke in Recovery (1968)
Ludvík Vaculík: Two Thousand Words that Belong to Workers, Farmers, Officials, Scientists, Artists, and Everybody (1968)
Extraordinary Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia: Proclamation Adopted at the Opening of the Congress (1968)
Information from the Local Councils of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, the Municipality, and the National Front to the Citizens of the Town (1968)
Aktual/Milan Knížák: Russians, Go Home! (1968)
Workers’ Councils: The Guarantee of Democratic Administration and Managerial Activity (1969)
A Letter from Jan Palach addressed to the Union of Czechoslovak Writers (1969)
เกี่ยวกับผู้แต่ง
Laurence Cox is Associate Professor in Sociology, National University of Ireland Maynooth. A long-time activist, he co-founded the social movement journal Interface and researches popular struggles for a better world. He is co-author of We Make Our Own History: Marxism, Social Movements and the Twilight of Neoliberalism (Pluto, 2014) and co-editor of Revolution in the Air?: 1968 in the Global North (Pluto, 2018). With Alf Gunvald Nilsen he edits the Pluto Press series Social Movements / Activist Research.
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