Resource allocation and power optimization is a new challenge in
multimedia services in cellular communication systems. To
provide a better end-user experience, the fourth generation (4G)
standard Long Term Evolution/Long Term Evolution-Advanced
(LTE/LTE-Advanced) has been developed for high-bandwidth mobile
access to accommodate today’s data-heavy applications.
LTE/LTE-Advanced has adopted discontinuous reception (DRX) to
extend the user equipment’s battery lifetime, thereby further
supporting various services and large amounts of data
transmissions.
By introducing the basics of mathematical analysis and performance
evaluation of power-saving mechanisms in 3rd generation partnership
project (3GPP) LTE and LTE-Advanced networks, the authors of this
book aim to describe novel algorithms which could have better
performance capabilities than previous methods.
Chapter 1 gives the basic theory description of the 3GPP LTE
network and 3GPP DRX power saving mechanism, empirical measurements
of LTE network traffic and an overview of the basic LTE DRX model
in the field of power saving techniques. Chapter 2 provides steps
for deriving a 2-state analytical model up to a 4-state DRX model.
The third and final chapter summarizes alternative methods for the
implementation of LTE DRX.
Contents
1. Basic Theory.
2. Analytical Semi-Markov Power-Saving Models.
3. Other Approaches for LTE Power Saving.
About the Authors
Scott A. Fowler is Associate Professor at Linköping
University, Sweden, working with the Mobile Telecommunication (MT)
group. He has served on several IEEE conferences/workshops as TPC
to Chair, including Special Interest Groups coordinator for IEEE
Communications Software (Comm Soft) Technical Committee since 2012.
His research interests include Quality of Service (Qo S) support
over heterogeneous networks, computer networks (wired, wireless),
energy management, mobile computing, pervasive/ubiquitous,
performance evaluation of networks and security.
Abdelhamid Mellouk is Full Professor at the University of Paris-Est
Créteil Vd M (UPEC, ex. Paris 12), Networks &
Telecommunications (N&T) Department (IUT C/V) and Li SSi
Laboratory in France. He is a founder of the Network Control
Research activity with extensive international academic and
industrial collaborations. His general area of research is in
adaptive real-time control for high-speed new generation dynamic
wired/wireless networking in order to maintain acceptable Quality
of Service/Experience for added-value services.
Naomi Yamada is a research associate at Linköping University,
Sweden.
สารบัญ
PREFACE ix
INTRODUCTION xi
CHAPTER 1. BASIC THEORY 1
1.1. LTE overview 2
1.2. Scheduling in LTE 5
1.2.1. Quality of Service parameters 6
1.2.2. Channel quality indicator 8
1.2.3. Buffer state and resource allocation history 10
1.3. LTE Traffic measurements 11
1.3.1. Testing environment 12
1.3.2. Vo IP preliminary capacity 13
1.3.3. Video conversation preliminary capacity 14
1.3.4. Post video and live video preliminary
capacity 15
1.3.5. Summary on the LTE Traffic measurements 18
1.4. User equipment power saving in LTE 18
1.4.1. DRX cycle 18
1.5. Models for LTE Power Saving 24
1.5.1. 3GPP power consumption model 25
1.5.2. Characteristics of Nokia TM power consumption
model 26
1.6. Conclusion 29
1.7. Bibliography 30
CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL SEMI-MARKOV POWER-SAVING MODELS
33
2.1. Introduction of bursty packet data traffic 33
2.2. Designing a simple Two-state DRX model using
semi-Markov 36
2.2.1. State 1 to state 1 and state 1 to state 2 38
2.2.2. Transition probability matrix 39
2.2.3. How we obtain equation [2.4] 39
2.2.4. Holding states 40
2.2.5. State H1 40
2.2.6. Sleep states H2 42
2.2.7. DRX cycles in basic 3GPP LTE 43
2.2.8. Wake-up delay 43
2.2.9. Power-saving factor (PS) 44
2.2.10. Numerical results 44
2.3. Three-state fixed model 47
2.3.1. State 1 to state 1 and state 1 to state 2 49
2.3.2. State 2 to state 1 and state 2 to state 3 49
2.3.3. Transition probability matrix 50
2.3.4. State H1 51
2.3.5. Sleep states H2 and H3 51
2.3.6. Power-saving factor (PS) 52
2.3.7. Numerical results 54
2.3.8. Summary of the Three-state model 59
2.4. Four-state fixed model 60
2.4.1. State 1 to state 1, state 1 to state 2 and state 1 to
state 3 61
2.4.2. State 2 to state 1, state 2 to state 2 and state 2 to
state 3 61
2.4.3. State 3 to state 1, state 3 to state 2 and state 3 to
state 4 62
2.4.4. State 4 to state 1 and state 4 to state 2 63
2.4.5. Transition probability matrix 63
2.4.6. Sleep states H3 and H4 65
2.4.7. Power-saving factor (PS) 66
2.4.8. Numerical results 68
2.5. Conclusion 69
2.6. Bibliography 69
CHAPTER 3. OTHER APPROACHES FOR LTE POWER SAVING
71
3.1. Scheduling schemes 71
3.2. DRX power-saving method 74
3.3. Analytical work 78
3.4. Analytical Adjustable-DRX Three-state model 79
3.4.1. Adjustable DRX timer state for light sleep 79
3.4.2. State 2 to state 1 and state 2 to state 3 80
3.4.3. Transition probability matrix 81
3.4.4. Adjustable DRX cycles in 3GPP LTE 82
3.4.5. Sleep states H2 and H3 83
3.4.6. Power-saving factor (PS) 84
3.4.7. Numerical results 86
3.5. Conclusion 92
3.6. Bibliography 92
ACRONYMS AND NOTATIONS 95
INDEX 101
เกี่ยวกับผู้แต่ง
Scott A. Fowler, Linköping University, Sweden.
Abdelhamid Mellouk, UPEC, France.
Naomi Yamada-F, Linköping University, Sweden.
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