Understand hydrogen as an energy resource and its potential as a dynamic solution for a carbon-neutral economy
Hydrogen is an energy carrier that can be used to store, move, and deliver energy produced from other sources. It has the potential for high energy efficiency, significant environmental and social benefits, and economic competitiveness. Traditional energy resources will not be able to meet the growing energy demand, despite the advances in energy management and energy conservation—understanding how hydrogen energy can solve this problem is crucial.
Hydrogen Energy: Principles and Applications provides the information needed by energy resource planners, scientists, engineers, and government officials to make informed energy-related decisions. Divided into three parts, the book opens with an introduction to various energy issues, sources, and regulations, including the basics of thermodynamics and fuel cells. The second part addresses the practical aspects of hydrogen energy, such as availability, distribution, extraction, processing, purification, transportation, transmission, and storage. The final section details the economics, energy-environmental interactions, and ethical and political considerations of the development and use of hydrogen energy, including discussion of investment and business contacts, energy option analysis and optimization, and future prospects.
Covering the fundamentals of hydrogen energy with a thorough and accessible approach, the book:
- Equips readers with a well-rounded working knowledge of hydrogen energy
- Covers the latest technological advances, economic considerations, and the role hydrogen plays in a renewable energy economy
- Offers a pragmatic, real-world perspective rather than focusing on theoretical issues
- Contains nearly 50 illustrative examples ranging from elementary thermodynamic calculations to optimization applications using linear programming
Hydrogen Energy: Principles and Applications is a must-read for those working in the energy industry, particularly environmental engineering and science professionals, as well as government officials, policymakers, instructors, and trainers involved in energy-related fields.
สารบัญ
Preface xvii
Part I Energy Overview 1
1 Glossary of Key Energy Terms 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Importance of Energy Literacy 4
1.3 Glossary 4
1.4 Symbols and Acronyms 42
2 Introduction to Energy and Energy Issues 48
2.1 Introduction 48
2.2 Early History of Energy 49
2.3 Later History of Energy 50
2.4 Energy ‘Emergencies’ 50
2.5 Net Energy Analysis 51
2.6 Hydrogen as an Energy/Fuel 53
2.7 The Future 54
3 Energy Resources 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Coal 58
3.3 Oil 59
3.4 Natural Gas 60
3.5 Shale Oil/Tar Sands 62
3.6 Solar Energy 63
3.7 Nuclear Energy 66
3.8 Geothermal Energy 68
3.9 Wind Energy 69
3.10 Hydrokinetic Energy 71
3.11 Biomass-Based Fuels 73
4 Environmental Policy and Regulatory Considerations for Hydrogen Energy 77
Marybeth Reynolds
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Opportunities and Benefits for the Emerging Hydrogen Energy Industry 78
4.3 Hydrogen Energy Policy Priorities 82
4.4 U.S. Federal Energy Policies and Regulatory Frameworks 84
4.5 The Role of the States 91
4.6 Global Hydrogen Energy Policies and Priorities 92
4.7 Summary 93
5 Thermodynamic Considerations 96
5.1 Introduction 96
5.2 Energy Fundamentals and Principles 97
5.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 100
5.4 Enthalpy Effects 101
5.5 Second Law Calculations 104
5.6 Phase Equilibrium 105
5.7 Stoichiometry 106
5.8 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium 107
5.9 Conservation Laws 108
5.10 Ideal Gas Law 110
6 Fuel Cells 113
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 Electrical Units 114
6.3 Fuel Cell Overview 114
6.4 Unit Cells 115
6.5 Critical Functions of Cell Components 117
6.6 Fuel Cell Stacking 118
6.7 Fuel Cell Systems 120
6.8 Fuel Cell Types 120
6.9 Fuel Cell Characteristics 126
6.10 Overall Advantages/Disadvantages 127
6.11 Batteries 128
6.12 Summary 129
Part II Select Hydrogen Energy Topics 131
7 Hydrogen Energy Overview 133
7.1 Introduction 133
7.2 Early History 135
7.3 Processing 136
7.4 Storage 138
7.5 Transportation and Transmission 139
7.6 Uses 140
7.7 Environmental Issues 142
8 Government Hydrogen Programs 144
8.1 Introduction 144
8.2 Department of Energy Programs 145
8.3 Other Federal Programs 146
8.4 State Programs 146
8.5 Tax Incentives 148
8.6 Project Financing 150
8.7 Insurance Coverage 151
8.8 Stakeholder Engagement 151
9 Hydrogen Physical and Chemical Properties 153
Onwukaeme Chibuzo Kenneth
9.1 Introduction 153
9.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 153
9.3 Properties of Mixtures 158
9.4 Properties of Hydrogen 159
9.5 Hydrogen Isotopes 163
9.6 The Hydrogen Bond 165
9.7 The Quintessential Energy Carrier 166
10 Hydrogen-Bearing Compounds 169
10.1 Introduction 169
10.2 Water 170
10.3 Deuterium 171
10.4 Ammonia 176
10.5 Methane 177
10.6 Other Hydrocarbon Molecules 179
10.7 The Alkane Series 180
11 Hydrogen Production Processes 182
11.1 Introduction 182
11.2 Overview of Hydrogen Production Processes 185
11.3 Fossil Fuels 186
11.4 Water Splitting Production Processes 188
11.5 Biomass Production Processes 191
11.6 Hydrogen Purification 194
11.7 Hydrogen Laboratory Processes 196
11.8 Emerging Hydrogen Technologies 197
12 Hydrogen Storage 199
12.1 Introduction 199
12.2 Chemical Industry Storage Options 200
12.3 Hydrogen Storage Overview 202
12.4 Gaseous Hydrogen Storage 203
12.5 Liquid Hydrogen Storage 204
12.6 Solid Hydrogen Storage 205
12.7 The Moon Project 207
12.8 Summary of Hydrogen Storage Strategies 210
13 Hydrogen Transportation and Transmission 213
13.1 Introduction 213
13.2 Hydrogen Transportation/Transmission Options 214
13.3 Traditional Transportation Options 216
13.4 Chemical Industry Transportation Options 219
13.5 Hydrogen Transportation: Pipelines 220
13.6 Hydrogen Transportation: Mobile 221
13.7 On-Site Hydrogen Production 222
13.8 Transportation via Chemical Hydrogen Carriers 223
13.9 International/Global Hydrogen Transportation 223
13.10 Regulation Issues 224
13.11 New Hydrogen Transmission Options 226
14 Hydrogen Conversion 229
14.1 Introduction 229
14.2 Energy Conversion Technical Details 230
14.3 Electric Power Systems 231
14.4 The Grid System 234
14.5 Conversion: The Combustion Process 238
14.6 Conversion: The Fuel Cell Process 240
15 Hydrogen Uses 243
15.1 Introduction 243
15.2 Power Generation 245
15.3 Transportation 246
15.4 Industry Feedstock 248
15.5 Hydrogen-Containing Feedstock Chemicals 251
15.6 Heating 252
15.7 Energy Storage 253
16 The Quintessential Hydrogen Byproduct: Potable Water 256
16.1 Introduction 256
16.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water 257
16.3 The Hydrologic Cycle 258
16.4 The Desalination Process 259
16.5 Traditional Seawater Desalination Processes 260
16.6 New Process Options for Potable Water Production 262
16.7 The Theodore Hydrogen Water Byproduct Process 266
17 Safety Considerations 268
17.1 Introduction 268
17.2 Hydrogen Details 270
17.3 Worker Safety Regulations and Requirements 271
17.4 Site Safety Plans 273
17.5 Chemical Safety Data Sheets 274
17.6 The Hydrogen SDS 280
Part III Technical Engineering Issues 285
18 Environmental Health and Hazard Risk Assessment 287
18.1 Introduction 287
18.2 The Health Risk Assessment Process 288
18.3 The Health Risk Assessment Process Components 290
18.4 Hazard Risk Assessment Process 294
18.5 The Hazard Risk Assessment Process Components 295
18.6 Future Trends 299
19 Energy-Environmental Interactions 301
19.1 Introduction 301
19.2 U.S. Hydrogen Energy Policy 302
19.3 U.S. Energy-Environmental Policy Issues 303
19.4 Individual State Energy Policies 305
19.5 Global Energy Policies 306
19.6 Environmental Concerns: A Technological Mandate 309
19.7 Net Energy Concepts 311
19.8 Interaction with Other Goals 313
20 Ethical Considerations 316
20.1 Introduction 316
20.2 The Present State of Ethics 317
20.3 Dos and Don’ts 318
20.4 Integrity 319
20.5 Moral Issues 320
20.6 Guardianship 322
20.7 Engineering Ethics 323
20.8 Future Trends in Professional and Environmental Ethics 324
20.9 Case Studies 326
21 Economic Considerations 330
21.1 Introduction 330
21.2 Economic and Finance Definitions 332
21.3 Investment and Risks 338
21.4 The Traditional Economic Evaluation Process 339
21.5 Capital and Operating Costs 341
21.6 Project and Process Evaluation 342
21.7 Hydrogen Energy Economy Considerations 342
21.8 Concluding Remarks 344
22 Optimization Considerations 347
22.1 Introduction 347
22.2 History of Optimization 349
22.3 Scope of Optimization 351
22.4 General Analytical Formulation of the Optimum 352
22.5 Mathematical Concepts in Linear Programming 355
22.6 Applied Concepts in Linear Programming 356
22.7 Optimization of Existing Systems 359
23 Illustrative Examples 363
23.1 Introduction 363
23.2 Energy Principles 363
23.3 Thermodynamics 365
23.4 Energy Systems 368
23.5 Environmental Issues 370
23.6 Ethics 374
23.7 Economics 375
23.8 SDS Information 379
23.9 Optimization 380
References 383
Index 384
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Vincent J. Del Gatto, M.Eng. PE, is recent Chair of the IEEE NY Power and Energy and Industrial Applications Societies and co-author of the IEEE-USA Energy Policy Committee “National Energy Policy Recommendations.” His experience spans over 40 years in the electric power industry and academia. His work at Con Edison and GE focused on high voltage electromagnetic fields, cost analysis and safety of shared transmission right of way for electric and gas pipelines. He currently consults on the Levelized Full System Costs of Electricity.
Louis Theodore, Eng.Sc.D., is a retired Professor of Chemical Engineering, having taught for 50 years at Manhattan College. He is the author of several publications, including Fluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer, Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer, Mass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer, Air Pollution Control Equipment Calculations, and Pollution Prevention.
R. Ryan Dupont, Ph.D., is Cazier Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Utah State University and Research Associate at the Utah Water Research Laboratory. He is a Life Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the author of many research publications and books, including Groundwater and Soil Remediation: Process Design and Cost Estimating of Proven Technologies, Water Resource Management Issues: Basic Principles and Applications, and Unit Operations in Environmental Engineering.
Matthew C. Ogwu, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the Goodnight Family Sustainable Development Department at Appalachian State University. He is an interdisciplinary academic with transdisciplinary skills and diverse convergence research interests pertinent to the assessment of coupled human and natural as well as socio-ecological systems and has numerous awards, research grants, and scholarships to his name. Dr. Ogwu serves on the board of and as a reviewer for many peer-reviewed journals. He continues to volunteer his time and skills to promote sustainable development.
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