Compiling all the information available on the topic, this ready reference covers all important aspects of iron oxides.
Following a preliminary overview chapter discussing iron oxide minerals along with their unique structures and properties, the text goes on to deal with the formation and transformation of iron oxides, covering geological, synthetic, and biological formation, as well as various physicochemical aspects. Subsequent chapters are devoted to characterization techniques, with a special focus on X-ray-based methods, magnetic measurements, and electron microscopy alongside such traditional methods as IR/Raman and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The final section mainly concerns exciting new applications of magnetic iron oxides, for example in medicine as microswimmers or as water filtration systems, while more conventional uses as pigments or in biology for magnetoreception illustrate the full potential.
A must-read for anyone working in the field.
İçerik tablosu
List of Contributors XVII
Foreword XXV
Preface XXVII
1 Introduction 1
Damien Faivre
1.1 Iron Oxides: From Nature to Applications 1
1.2 A Very Brief Overview of the Iron Oxides and How They Found Names 3
References 5
Part I Formation, Transformation 7
2 Geological Occurrences and Relevance of Iron Oxides 9
France Lagroix, Subir K. Banerjee, and Mike J. Jackson
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Elemental Iron: From the Universe to the Earth 9
2.3 Residency of Elemental Iron on Earth 10
2.4 Mineral Forms of Iron Oxides 11
2.5 Occurrence and Geological Relevance of Iron Oxides 13
2.6 Iron Oxides in Continental Dust Deposits 19
2.7 Concluding Remarks 23
Acknowledgments 23
References 23
3 Reductive Dissolution and Reactivity of Ferric (Hydr)oxides: New Insights and Implications for Environmental Redox Processes 31
Stefan Peiffer and Moli Wan
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 The Classical Perspective on Reductive Dissolution 32
3.3 Electron Transfer at Ferric (Hydr)oxides Surfaces: The Role of Fe(II) 33
3.4 Energetics at the Ferric (Hydr)oxide Interface 35
3.5 Rate Control: Surface versus Structural Properties 39
3.6 Interaction between Dissolved Sulfide and Ferric Hydroxides 42
3.7 Implications 47
References 48
4 Formation and Transformation of Iron-Bearing Minerals by Iron(II)-Oxidizing and Iron(III)-Reducing Bacteria 53
Jennyfer Miot and Marjorie Etique
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Biomineralization of Iron through Microbial Fe(II) Oxidation 54
4.3 Iron(III) Minerals: Electron Acceptors for Iron-Reducing Bacteria 60
4.4 Specific Properties of Iron Biominerals 64
4.5 Microbial Fe Redox Cycling: Past, Present, and Future 72
4.6 Conclusion 77
References 78
5 Controlled Biomineralization of Magnetite in Bacteria 99
Elodie C.T. Descamps, Jean-Baptiste Abbé, David Pignol, and Christopher T. Lefèvre
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Magnetotactic Bacteria 100
5.3 Organization and Role of Magnetosomes 102
5.4 Biomineralization of Magnetosomes 104
5.5 Mineral Phase of Magnetosomes 108
Acknowledgments 111
References 111
6 Ferritin Iron Mineralization and Storage: From Structure to Function 117
Noam Aronovitz, Michal Neeman, and Raz Zarivach
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Basic Structure of Ferritins 118
6.3 Iron Storage and Mineralization 123
6.4 NMR and MRI Studies of the Ferritin Iron Core 126
6.5 Magnetoferritin 127
6.6 Ferritin as a Biotechnological Tool 131
6.7 Protocol Annexes 133
References 137
7 Iron Oxides in the Human Brain 143
Joanna F. Collingwood and Neil D. Telling
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 Iron Oxides Observed in the Human Brain 146
7.3 Properties of Iron Oxides in the Brain 150
7.4 Stored and Sequestered Iron Oxide in the Human Brain 155
7.5 Methods to Detect Iron Oxides in the Brain 160
7.6 Tools and Treatments: Manipulating Iron Oxides in the Brain 163
7.7 Concluding Remarks 166
Acknowledgments 166
References 166
8 The Chiton Radula: A Model System for Versatile Use of Iron Oxides 177
Derk Joester and Lesley R. Brooker
8.1 Functional Anatomy of the Mollusk Radula 177
8.2 Development of the Radula: Organic Matrix 180
8.3 The Discovery of Biominerals in the Radula 180
8.4 The Microarchitecture of Chiton Radula Teeth 181
8.5 Development of the Chiton Radula: Stages of Biomineralization 183
8.6 Development of the Radula: Biological Control 185
8.7 Role of Acidic Macromolecules in the Insoluble Organic Matrix 186
8.8 Soluble Organic Matrix Composition 186
8.9 Selective Deposition of Ferrihydrite in Stage II 187
8.10 Conversion of Ferrihydrite to Magnetite in Stage III 190
8.11 Phase Transformations in Stage IV 192
8.12 Final Functional Architecture 194
8.13 Concluding Remarks 197
References 198
9 Mineralization of Goethite in Limpet Radular Teeth 207
Tina Ukmar-Godec
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 Structure, Properties, and Function of the Limpet Radula 207
9.3 Goethite Produced in the Laboratory 210
9.4 Goethite Produced in Limpets 213
9.5 Conclusion 221
References 222
10 Synthetic Formation of Iron Oxides 225
Corinne Chaneac, Anne Duchateau, and Ali Abou-Hassan
10.1 Introduction 225
10.2 Iron Oxide and Oxyhydroxide from Aqueous Ferric Solution 226
10.3 Iron Oxide and Oxyhydroxide from Aqueous Ferrous Solution 231
10.4 Iron Oxide Synthesis Using Microfluidic Process 233
References 240
11 Oriented Attachment and Nonclassical Formation in Iron Oxides 243
Jennifer A. Soltis and R. Lee Penn
11.1 Introduction 243
11.2 OA in Iron Oxides in the Literature 245
11.3 OA and Phase Transformation 249
11.4 Detection and Characterization of Growth by OA 249
11.5 Kinetics of Growth by OA 253
11.6 Thermodynamics 257
11.7 Morphology and Surface Chemistry 258
11.8 Forces Governing Assembly 259
11.9 Future Work 260
References 261
12 Thermodynamics of Iron Oxides and Oxyhydroxides in Different Environments 269
Haibo Guo and Amanda S. Barnard
12.1 Introduction 269
12.2 Magnetic Transformations 270
12.3 Polymorphic Transformations 274
12.4 Summary 288
References 289
Part II Characterization Techniques 293
13 Introduction to Standard Spectroscopic Methods: XRD, IR/Raman, and Mössbauer 295
Fernando Vereda
13.1 Introduction 295
13.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 297
13.3 Vibrational Spectroscopy 302
13.4 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 311
Acknowledgments 319
References 319
14 TEM and Associated Techniques 325
Tanya Prozorov
Common Abbreviations 325
14.1 Introduction 326
14.2 Nanoscale Analysis of Iron Oxides 327
14.3 Electron Holography 331
14.4 The Near In Situ Approach 335
14.5 In Situ Analysis with a Liquid Cell 336
Acknowledgment 338
References 339
15 Magnetic Measurements and Characterization 347
Ann M. Hirt
15.1 Introduction 347
15.2 Summary of Magnetic Properties of Iron Oxides and Iron Hydroxides 348
15.3 Induced Magnetization 349
15.4 Remanent Magnetization 355
15.5 Usage of Magnetic Properties 357
15.6 Summary 366
References 367
16 Total X-Ray Scattering and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering for Determining the Structures, Sizes, Shapes, and Aggregation Extents of Iron (Hydr)oxide Nanoparticles 371
Young-Shin Jun and Byeongdu Lee
16.1 Introduction 371
16.2 Determination of Particle Structures: Total X-Ray Scattering with PDF Analysis 373
16.3 Determination of Particle Sizes, Shapes, and Aggregation Extents: SAXS and GISAXS 378
16.4 Outlook 391
Acknowledgments 392
References 392
17 X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy in Fe Oxides and Oxyhydroxides 397
M. Luisa Fdez-Gubieda, Ana García-Prieto, Javier Alonso, and Carlo Meneghini
17.1 Brief Introduction to XAFS 398
17.2 XANES spectroscopy 401
17.3 EXAFS Spectroscopy 406
17.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 415
References 416
Part III Applications 423
18 Medical Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 425
Amanda K. Andriola Silva, Ana Espinosa, Jelena Kolosnjaj-Tabi, Claire Wilhelm, and Florence Gazeau
18.1 Introduction 425
18.2 IONPs for Imaging 426
18.3 Magnetic Drug Targeting 433
18.4 IONPs and Tissue Engineering 442
18.5 Activation of IONPs with Time-Dependent Magnetic Fields 446
18.6 Life Cycle of IONPs 456
18.7 Conclusion 460
References 460
19 Iron Nanoparticles for Water Treatment: Is the Future Free or Fixed? 473
Sarah J. Tesh and Thomas B. Scott
19.1 Introduction 473
19.2 Why Iron? 475
19.3 INPs: A Versatile Material for Water Treatment 477
19.4 Operational Drivers for Water Treatment 483
19.5 Static Nanocomposites 495
19.6 What Is Holding Back Static Nanocomposites? 507
19.7 Conclusion 509
References 510
20 Actuation of Iron Oxide-Based Nanostructures by External Magnetic Fields 523
Peter Vach
20.1 Introduction 523
20.2 Nanomachines 525
20.3 Guided Self-Assembly 530
20.4 Conclusion 536
References 536
21 Iron Oxide-Based Pigments and Their Use in History 545
Marco Nicola, Chiara Mastrippolito, and Admir Masic
21.1 Introduction 545
21.2 Chemical Composition and Properties of Iron Oxide-Based Pigments 545
21.3 Use of Iron Oxide-Based Pigments in History 550
21.4 Case Studies 559
References 563
22 Magnetoreception and Magnetotaxis 567
Mathieu A. Bennet and Stephan H. K. Eder
22.1 Magnetoreception 567
22.2 Magnetotaxis 576
Conclusions 586
References 586
Index 591
Yazar hakkında
Currently a private lecturer at the University of Potsdam, Germany, Damien Faivre studied physical chemistry at the Claude Bernard University in Lyon, France, spending a year as an exchange student at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. He continued with his doctoral thesis in geochemistry at the Institute for Earth Physics in Paris, France and, while still a Ph D student, worked at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, USA. In 2005, he joined the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen, Germany, as Marie Curie Fellow of the EU to study the properties of magnetosomes and their formation mechanisms, and two years later moved to the Department of Biomaterials at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam, as group leader to combine his interests in bio- and biomimetic formation and the assembly of magnetic iron oxides, for which he was awarded a grant from the ERC in 2010.
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