G.M.L. Gladwell 
Inverse problems in vibration [PDF ebook] 

The last thing one settles in writing a book is what one should put in first. Pascal’s Pensees Classical vibration theory is concerned, in large part, with the infinitesimal (i. e. , linear) undamped free vibration of various discrete or continuous bodies. One of the basic problems in this theory is the determination of the natural frequencies (eigen- frequencies or simply eigenvalues) and normal modes of the vibrating body. A body which is modelled as a discrete system’ of rigid masses, rigid rods, massless springs, etc. , will be governed by an ordinary matrix differential equation in time t. It will have a finite number of eigenvalues, and the normal modes will be vectors, called eigenvectors. A body which is modelled as a continuous system will be governed by a partial differential equation in time and one or more spatial variables. It will have an infinite number of eigenvalues, and the normal modes will be functions (eigen- functions) of the space variables. In the context of this classical theory, inverse problems are concerned with the construction of a model of a given type; e. g. , a mass-spring system, a string, etc. , which has given eigenvalues and/or eigenvectors or eigenfunctions; i. e. , given spec- tral data. In general, if some such spectral data is given, there can be no system, a unique system, or many systems, having these properties.