This book is a collection of overview articles showing how space-based observations, combined with hydrological modeling, have considerably improved our knowledge of the continental water cycle and its sensitivity to climate change. Two main issues are highlighted: (1) the use in combination of space observations for monitoring water storage changes in river basins worldwide, and (2) the use of space data in hydrological modeling either through data assimilation or as external constraints. The water resources aspect is also addressed, as well as the impacts of direct anthropogenic forcing on land hydrology (e.g. ground water depletion, dam building on rivers, crop irrigation, changes in land use and agricultural practices, etc.). Remote sensing observations offer important new information on this important topic as well, which is highly useful for achieving water management objectives.
Over the past 15 years, remote sensing techniques have increasingly demonstrated theircapability to monitor components of the water balance of large river basins on time scales ranging from months to decades: satellite altimetry routinely monitors water level changes in large rivers, lakes and floodplains. When combined with satellite imagery, this technique can also measure surface water volume variations. Passive and active microwave sensors offer important information on soil moisture (e.g. the SMOS mission) as well as wetlands and snowpack. The GRACE space gravity mission offers, for the first time, the possibility of directly measuring spatio-temporal variations in the total vertically integrated terrestrial water storage. When combined with other space observations (e.g. from satellite altimetry and SMOS) or model estimates of surface waters and soil moisture, space gravity data can effectively measure groundwater storage variations. New satellite missions, planned for the coming years, will complement the constellation of satellites monitoring waters on land. This is particularly the case for the SWOT mission, which is expected to revolutionize land surface hydrology.
Previously published in Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 37, No. 2, 2016
Зміст
Foreword: International Space Science Institute (ISSI) Workshop on Remote Sensing and Water Resources.- Modelling Freshwater Resources at the Global Scale: Challenges and Prospects.- On the Use of Hydrological Models and Satellite Data to Study the Water Budget of River Basins Affected by Human Activities: Examples from the Garonne Basin of France.- On Creating Global Gridded Terrestrial Water Budget Estimates from Satellite Remote Sensing.- Lake Volume Monitoring from Space.- The SWOT Mission and Its Capabilities for Land Hydrology.- Toward a High-Resolution Monitoring of Continental Surface Water Extent and Dynamics, at Global Scale: from GIEMS (Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellites) to SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography).- Assessing Global Water Storage Variability from GRACE: Trends, Seasonal Cycle, Subseasonal Anomalies and Extremes.- Groundwater Storage Changes: Present Status from GRACE Observations.- Modeling Groundwater Depletion at Regional and Global Scales: Present State and Future Prospects.- What Can be Expected from the GRACE-FO Laser Ranging Interferometer for Earth Science Applications? – Subsurface Hydrology of the Lake Chad Basin from Convection Modelling and Observations.- Water and Food in the Twenty-First Century.
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