Holly (University of Oregon, USA) Arrow & Jennifer L (University of British Columbia, Canada) Berdahl 
Small Groups as Complex Systems : Formation, Coordination, Development, and Adaptation [PDF ebook] 
Formation, Coordination, Development, and Adaptation

‘The emphasis on change at many levels of organization is critically important as is the first attempt to integrate sophisticated theory and research in organization psychology (e.g., Gersick, Hackman) with social psychological models of development such as Moreland and Levine.’ –Reuben M. Baron, Emeritus, University of Connecticut ‘Arrow, Mc Grath, and Berdahl’s ‘Small Groups as Complex Systems’ will change the way you think about groups, the way you think about research, and even the way you think about science.’ –Donelson R. Forsyth, Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth U ‘The book is excellent, one of those very rare works that will have substantial impact on the field. I would use the book without hesitation in any advanced graduate seminar dealing with groups.’ –Donelson R. Forsyth, Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth U ‘A conceptually elegant analysis of groups as systems. Although the systems approach has been growing more influential in various fields of social psychology in the last ten years, no one has put forward a definitive analysis that applies with fidelity the general systems approach to group processes. Mc Grath and his colleagues fill that gap, not by paying lip service to popular scientific concepts such as recursive causality, open systems, attractors, and complexity theory, but by fully integrating these concepts into their no-nonsense analysis of such group level processes as formation, task performance, composition, development, and termination. Empirical work is folded into the theoretical mix along the way, but the focus is unrelentingly conceptual with the result that the authors deliver on their promise of developing a powerful, unified theory of group dynamics.’ –Donelson R. Forsyth, Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth U ‘Theirs is an ambitious book. They have profound ramifications for experimental social psychology. It is worth mentioning that AMD (Arrow, Mc Grarth, and Berdahl) list an ethnographic approach, which often implies the adoption of hermeneutic and semiotic methods (a hallmark of the anti-Enlightenment tradition in psychology), as a possible way forward.’ –Yoshihisa Kashima, American Journal of Psychology What are groups? How do they behave? Arrow, Mc Grath, and Berdahl answer these questions by developing a general theory of small groups as complex systems. Basing their theory on concepts distilled from general systems theory, dynamical systems theory, and complexity and chaos theory, they explore groups as adaptive, dynamic systems that are driven by interactions among group members as well as between the group and its embedding contexts. In addition, they consider not only the group’s members and their distribution of attributes, but also the group’s tasks and technology in order to understand how those members, tasks, and tools are intertwined, coordinated, and adjusted. Throughout the book, the authors focus our attention on relationships among people, tools, and tasks that are activated by a combination of individual and collective purposes and goals that change and evolve as the group interacts over time.