Howard P. Segal 
Utopias [EPUB ebook] 
A Brief History from Ancient Writings to Virtual Communities

Preface xi
Introduction 1
1 The Nature of Utopias 5
Utopias Defined 5
Utopias Differ from both Millenarian Movements and Science
Fiction 8
Utopias’ Spiritual Qualities are Akin to those of Formal
Religions 9
Utopias’Real Goal: Not Prediction of the Future but Improvement
of the Present 12
How and When Utopias are Expected to be Established 13
2 The Variety of Utopias 16
The Global Nature of Utopias: Utopias are Predominantly but not
Exclusively Western 16
The Several Genres of Utopianism: Prophecies and Oratory,
Political Movements, Communities, Writings, World’s Fairs,
Cyberspace 24
3 The European Utopias and Utopians and Their Critics
47
The Pioneering European Visionaries and Their Basic Beliefs:
Plato’s Republic and More’s Utopia 47
Forging the Connections Between Science, Technology, and Utopia
50
The Pansophists 53
The Prophets of Progress: Condorcet, Saint-Simon, and Comte
55
Dissenters from the Ideology of Unadulterated Scientific and
Technological Progress: Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, and William
Morris 58
The Expansive Visions of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier 60
The ‘Scientific’Socialism of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
66
4 The American Utopias and Utopians and Their Critics
74
America as Utopia: Potential and Fulfillment 74
The Pioneering American Visionaries and their Basic Beliefs in
America as Land of Opportunity: John Adolphus Etzler, Thomas
Ewbank, and Mary Griffith 78
America as ‘Second Creation’: Enthusiasm and Disillusionment
81
5 Growing Expectations of Realizing Utopia in the United
States and Europe 89
Later American Technological Utopians: John Macnie Through
Harold Loeb 89
Utopia Within Sight: The American Technocracy Crusade 96
Utopia Within Reach: ‘The Best and the
Brightest’–Post-World War II Science and Technology Policy in
the United States and Western Europe and the Triumph of the Social
Sciences 99
On Misreading Frankenstein: How Scientific and Technological
Advances have Changed Traditional Criticisms of Utopianism in the
Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries 123
6 Utopia Reconsidered 139
The Growing Retreat from Space Exploration and Other
Megaprojects 139
Nuclear Power: Its Rise, Fall, and Possible Revival–Maine
Yankee as a Case Study 142
The Declining Belief in Inventors, Engineers, and Scientists as
Heroes; in Experts as Unbiased; and in Science and Technology as
Social Panaceas 157
Contemporary Prophets for Profit: The Rise and Partial Fall of
Professional Forecasters 160
Post-colonial Critiques of Western Science and Technology as
Measures of ‘Progress’169
7 The Resurgence of Utopianism 186
The Major Contemporary Utopians and Their Basic Beliefs 186
Social Media: Utopia at One’s Fingertips 193
Recent and Contemporary Utopian Communities 194
The Star Trek Empire: Science Fiction Becomes Less Escapist
199
Edutopia: George Lucas and Others 203
The Fate of Books and Newspapers: Utopian and Dystopian
Aspirations 217
8 The Future of Utopias and Utopianism 234
The ‘Scientific and Technological Plateau’and the Redefinition
of Progress 234
Conclusion: Why Utopia Still Matters Today and Tomorrow 241
Further Reading 261
Index 269

Howard P. Segal is Bird Professor of History at the University of Maine, where he has taught since 1986. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton University. His previous books include Technological Utopianism in American Culture (1985), Future Imperfect: The Mixed Blessings of Technology in America (1994), Technology in America: A Brief History (1989, 1999, with Alan Marcus), and Recasting the Machine Age: Henry Ford’s Village Industries (2005). He also reviews for, among other publications, Nature and the Times Higher Education.