Karst Hydrogeology, Geomorphology and Caves
A Comprehensive Resource Covering All Aspects of Karst Hydrogeology, Geomorphology, and Caves
This essential book covers all physical, chemical, and geological aspects of karst science. It reviews current knowledge on hydrogeology, geomorphology and caves in karst, based on the vast existing literature and investigations carried out by the authors worldwide. The different topics are profusely illustrated with color figures and images from all continents and climates, showing the scientific and aesthetic appeal of karst environments.
The book covers in a systematic way the significant features of karst rocks, the chemistry and kinetics of their dissolution, the rate and distribution of karst denudation, the unique hydrogeology of karst terrains, the landforms endemic to karst, the morphology of caves and their diverse sedimentary records, and the multiple processes that lead to the formation of underground voids. Overall, the work reflects the increasing recognition of karst as a fundamental part of the Earth’s dynamic systems, and helps readers understand this multidisciplinary field from a holistic and nuts-and-bolts perspective. Some of the ideas discussed within the book include:
* How karst is gaining importance for human development, because of its valuable resources (groundwater) and associated environmental problems (impacts and hazards)
* The enormous technological developments achieved in recent years
* Recent major breakthroughs in the field and their influence on other scientific disciplines
* The central role played by karst science for understanding and mitigating global environmental issues (global warming, depletion of resources, human-induced hazards)
For all scientists working in karst, and for students and lecturers of karst-related programs, this book serves as a valuable all-in-one source. It is also a valuable resource for professional hydrogeologists, the petroleum industry, environmental geologists, and of course speleologists, the last true geographic explorers in the world.
Зміст
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction to karst
1.1 The term karst. Definition and origin
1.2 Classification of karst
1.3 Global distribution of karst
1.4 Karst terminology
2 Karst rocks
2.1 Karst rocks within the rock classifications
2.2 Carbonate rocks and minerals
2.3 Evaporite rocks and minerals
2.4 Quartz sandstones and quartzites
3 Dissolution of karst rocks
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic concepts and parameters
3.3 The dissolution of carbonate rocks in normal meteoric waters
3.4 The dissolution of carbonate rocks by sulfuric acid
3.5 The dissolution of gypsum and halite
3.6 The dissolution of silica
3.7 Factors that influence the solubility and saturation state
3.8 Dissolution and precipitation kinetics of karst minerals
3.9 Geological controls on karst development
3.10 Biokarst processes
4 Denudation in karst. Rates and spatial distribution
4.1 Basic concepts
4.2 Controlling factors and the influence of climate
4.3 Methods for measuring denudation rates and the carbonate karst experience
4.4 Denudation rates in gypsum and salt
4.5 Solutional denudation of quartz sandstones and quartzites
4.6 Interpretation and integration of denudation rates
5 Karst hydrogeology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Brief historical overview on karst hydrogeology (1900)
5.3 Definitions
5.4 Groundwater flow fundamentals
5.5 Groundwater flow in karst aquifers
5.6 Analysis of karst groundwater basins
6 Karren and Sinkholes
6.1 Karst. A special geomorphic system
6.2 Karren
6.3 Sinkholes (dolines)
7 Other Karst Landforms
7.1 Poljes
7.2 Corrosion plains, rejuvenation and submergence
7.3 Residual hills. Fenglin and fengcong
7.4 Valleys in karst
7.5 Constructional features. Tufas and travertines
8 Special Features Associated with Evaporites
8.1 Interstratal Evaporite Karst
8.2 Covered Evaporite Karst
8.3 Bare Evaporite Karst
8.4 Salt Tectonics and Karst in Salt Extrusions
9 Cave geomorphology
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Macromorphology
9.3 Speleogens: small-scale passage morphologies
10 Cave deposits
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of cave sediments
10.3 Clastic sediments
10.4 Organic sediments
10.5 Transported chemical deposits
10.6 Chemical deposits
10.7 Speleothems
10.8 Cave sediments as paleoclimate and paleo-environmental archives
11 Speleogenesis: how solutional caves form
11.1 The growth of ideas in cave genesis
11.2 Geological controls on cave genesis in carbonate rocks
11.3 Simple models of initial cave development
11.4 Hydrogeological controls on cave genesis
11.5 Caves in non-carbonate rocks
11.6 Condensation-corrosion
11.7 A summary: life cycle of solution caves
INDEX
Про автора
Jo De Waele is Full Professor in the Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences at the University of Bologna, Italy.
Francisco Gutiérrez is Full Professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Zaragoza, Spain.
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