K. T. Chau 
Electric Vehicle Machines and Drives [PDF ebook] 
Design, Analysis and Application

Preface xiii
Organization of This Book xv
Acknowledgments xvii
About the Author xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What Is an Electric Vehicle? 1
1.2 Overview of EV Challenges 3
1.2.1 Pure Electric Vehicle 4
1.2.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 4
1.2.3 Gridable Hybrid Electric Vehicle 5
1.2.4 Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicle 5
1.3 Overview of EV Technologies 6
1.3.1 Motor Drive Technology 6
1.3.2 Energy Source Technology 9
1.3.3 Battery Charging Technology 11
1.3.4 Vehicle-to-Grid Technology 14
References 16
2 DC Motor Drives 19
2.1 System Configurations 19
2.2 DC Machines 20
2.2.1 Structure of DC Machines 20
2.2.2 Principle of DC Machines 22
2.2.3 Modeling of DC Machines 22
2.3 DC-DC Converters 24
2.3.1 DC-DC Converter Topologies 24
2.3.2 Soft-Switching DC-DC Converter Topologies 27
2.4 DC Motor Control 28
2.4.1 Speed Control 29
2.4.2 Regenerative Braking 31
2.5 Design Criteria of DC Motor Drives for EVs 33
2.6 Design Example for EVs 34
2.7 Application Examples of DC Motor Drives in EVs 35
2.8 Fading Technology for EVs? 38
References 38
3 Induction Motor Drives 39
3.1 System Configurations 39
3.2 Induction Machines 40
3.2.1 Structure of Induction Machines 41
3.2.2 Principle of Induction Machines 42
3.2.3 Modeling of Induction Machines 44
3.3 Inverters for Induction Motors 46
3.3.1 PWM Switching Inverters 47
3.3.2 Soft-Switching Inverters 50
3.4 Induction Motor Control 51
3.4.1 Variable-Voltage Variable-Frequency Control 51
3.4.2 Field-Oriented Control 53
3.4.3 Direct Torque Control 57
3.5 Design Criteria of Induction Motor Drives for EVs 61
3.6 Design Example of Induction Motor Drives for EVs 64
3.7 Application Examples of Induction Motor Drives in EVs 67
3.8 Matured Technology for EVs? 67
References 68
4 Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor Drives 69
4.1 PM Materials 69
4.2 System Configurations 70
4.3 PM Brushless Machines 72
4.3.1 Structure of PM Brushless Machines 72
4.3.2 Principle of PM Brushless Machines 75
4.3.3 Modeling of PM Brushless Machines 78
4.4 Inverters for PM Brushless Motors 82
4.4.1 Inverter Requirements 82
4.4.2 Switching Schemes for Brushless AC Operation 83
4.4.3 Switching Schemes for Brushless DC Operation 84
4.5 PM Brushless Motor Control 87
4.5.1 PM Synchronous Motor Control 87
4.5.2 PM Brushless DC Motor Control 91
4.6 Design Criteria of PM Brushless Motor Drives for EVs 93
4.7 Design Examples of PM Brushless Motor Drives for EVs 96
4.7.1 Planetary-Geared PM Synchronous Motor Drive 96
4.7.2 Outer-Rotor PM Brushless DC Motor Drive 100
4.8 Application Examples of PM Brushless Motor Drives in EVs 103
4.9 Preferred Technology for EVs? 104
References 106
5 Switched Reluctance Motor Drives 108
5.1 System Configurations 108
5.2 SR Machines 110
5.2.1 Structure of SR Machines 110
5.2.2 Principle of SR Machines 112
5.2.3 Modeling of SR Machines 115
5.3 SR Converters 117
5.3.1 SR Converter Topologies 118
5.3.2 Soft-Switching SR Converter Topologies 119
5.3.3 Comparison of SR Converters for EVs 123
5.4 SR Motor Control 124
5.4.1 Speed Control 124
5.4.2 Torque-Ripple Minimization Control 126
5.4.3 Position Sensorless Control 128
5.5 Design Criteria of SR Motor Drives for EVs 131
5.5.1 Machine Initialization 132
5.5.2 Suppression of Acoustic Noise 136
5.6 Examples of SR Motor Drives for EVs 137
5.6.1 Planetary-Geared SR Motor Drive 137
5.6.2 Outer-Rotor In-Wheel SR Motor Drive 141
5.7 Application Examples of SR Motor Drives in EVs 144
5.8 Maturing Technology for EVs? 144
References 145
6 Stator-Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 147
6.1 Stator-PM versus Rotor-PM 147
6.2 System Configurations 148
6.3 Doubly-Salient PM Motor Drives 149
6.4 Flux-Reversal PM Motor Drives 157
6.5 Flux-Switching PM Motor Drives 160
6.6 Hybrid-Excited PM Motor Drives 161
6.7 Flux-Mnemonic PM Motor Drives 165
6.8 Design Criteria of Stator-PM Motor Drives for EVs 173
6.9 Design Examples of Stator-PM Motor Drives for EVs 177
6.9.1 Outer-Rotor Hybrid-Excited DSPM Motor Drive 177
6.9.2 Outer-Rotor Flux-Mnemonic DSPM Motor Drive 181
6.10 Potential Applications of Stator-PM Motor Drives in EVs 192
References 194
7 Magnetic-Geared Motor Drives 195
7.1 System Configurations 195
7.2 Magnetic Gears 197
7.2.1 Converted Magnetic Gears 198
7.2.2 Field-Modulated Magnetic Gears 200
7.3 MG Machines 203
7.3.1 Principle of MG Machines 205
7.3.2 Modeling of MG Machines 211
7.4 Inverters for MG Motors 211
7.5 MG Motor Control 212
7.6 Design Criteria of MG Motor Drives for EVs 213
7.7 Design Examples of MG Motor Drives for EVs 215
7.7.1 MG PM Brushless DC In-Wheel Motor Drive 215
7.7.2 MG PM Brushless AC In-Wheel Motor Drive 218
7.8 Potential Applications of MG Motor Drives in EVs 224
References 225
8 Vernier Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 227
8.1 System Configurations 227
8.2 Vernier PM Machines 228
8.2.1 Vernier PM versus Magnetic-Geared PM 228
8.2.2 Structure of Vernier PM Machines 229
8.2.3 Principle of Vernier PM Machines 234
8.2.4 Modeling of Vernier PM Machines 237
8.3 Inverters for Vernier PM Motors 238
8.4 Vernier PM Motor Control 239
8.5 Design Criteria of Vernier PM Motor Drives for EVs 240
8.6 Design Examples of Vernier PM Motor Drives for EVs 242
8.6.1 Outer-Rotor Vernier PM Motor Drive 242
8.6.2 Outer-Rotor Flux-Controllable Vernier PM Motor Drive 245
8.7 Potential Applications of Vernier PM Motor Drives in EVs 251
References 251
9 Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives 253
9.1 What Is Advanced Magnetless? 253
9.2 System Configurations 254
9.3 Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives 255
9.4 Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drives 257
9.5 Flux-Switching DC Motor Drives 260
9.6 Vernier Reluctance Motor Drives 264
9.7 Doubly-Fed Vernier Reluctance Motor Drives 266
9.8 Axial-Flux Magnetless Motor Drives 269
9.9 Design Criteria of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives for EVs 272
9.10 Design Examples of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives for EVs 272
9.10.1 Multi-tooth Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drive 272
9.10.2 Multi-tooth Flux-Switching DC Motor Drive 274
9.10.3 Axial-Flux Doubly-Salient DC Motor Drive 276
9.10.4 Axial-Flux Flux-Switching DC Motor Drive 283
9.11 Potential Applications of Advanced Magnetless Motor Drives in EVs 288
References 289
10 Integrated-Starter-Generator Systems 291
10.1 Classification of HEVs 291
10.2 ISG System Configurations 295
10.3 ISG Machines 296
10.4 ISG Operations 298
10.4.1 Cranking 298
10.4.2 Electricity Generation 298
10.4.3 Idle Stop-Start 298
10.4.4 Regenerative Braking 299
10.4.5 Power Assistance 300
10.5 Design Criteria of ISG Systems 300
10.6 Design Examples of ISG Systems 301
10.6.1 Double-Stator PM Synchronous Machine-Based ISG System 301
10.6.2 Hybrid-Excited Doubly-Salient PM Machine-Based ISG System 303
10.7 Application Examples of ISG Systems in HEVs 312
10.8 Matured Technology for HEVs? 313
References 313
11 Planetary-Geared Electric Variable Transmission Systems 315
11.1 System Configurations 315
11.2 Planetary Gears 316
11.3 Input-Split PG EVT Systems 319
11.3.1 Toyota Hybrid System 319
11.3.2 Ford Hybrid System 324
11.4 Compound-Split PG EVT Systems 326
11.4.1 GM Two-Mode Hybrid System 327
11.4.2 Renault Hybrid System 331
11.4.3 Timken Hybrid System 332
11.5 Design Criteria of PG EVT Systems 333
11.6 Design Example of PG EVT Systems 334
11.6.1 PM Synchronous PG EVT System Configuration 334
11.6.2 PM Synchronous Machine Design 335
11.6.3 PM Synchronous Machine Analysis 336
11.7 Application Examples of PG EVT Systems in HEVs 339
11.8 Matured Technology for HEVs? 341
References 342
12 Double-Rotor Electric Variable Transmission Systems 343
12.1 System Configurations 343
12.2 Double-Rotor Machines 345
12.2.1 Multi-port Machine Concept 345
12.2.2 DR Machine Structure 346
12.3 Basic Double-Rotor EVT Systems 347
12.3.1 DR EVT Structure 347
12.3.2 DR EVT Modeling 349
12.3.3 DR EVT Operation 350
12.4 Advanced Double-Rotor EVT Systems 351
12.4.1 PM DR EVT System 353
12.4.2 SR DR EVT System 354
12.4.3 Axial-Flux DR EVT System 356
12.4.4 Advanced Magnetless DR EVT System 357
12.5 Design Criteria of DR EVT Systems 359
12.6 Design Example of DR EVT Systems 359
12.6.1 DSDC DR EVT System Configuration 360
12.6.2 DSDC DR Machine Design 360
12.6.3 DSDC DR Machine Analysis 360
12.7 Potential Applications of DR EVT Systems in HEVs 364
References 365
13 Magnetic-Geared Electric Variable Transmission Systems 367
13.1 System Configurations 367
13.2 Multi-port Magnetic Gears 369
13.2.1 Magnetic Planetary Gears 369
13.2.2 Magnetic Concentric Gears 371
13.3 Magnetic Planetary-Geared EVT System 373
13.4 Magnetic Concentric-Geared EVT System 375
13.5 Design Criteria of MG EVT Systems 380
13.6 Design Example of MG EVT Systems 382
13.6.1 MCG EVT System Configuration 382
13.6.2 Integrated MCG Machine Design 384
13.6.3 Integrated MCG Machine Analysis 386
13.7 Potential Applications of MG EVT Systems in HEVs 392
References 392
Index 393

K. T. CHAU, University of Hong Kong