Lacey Schaefer & Francis T. Cullen 
Environmental Corrections [EPUB ebook] 
A New Paradigm for Supervising Offenders in the Community

Chapter 1: Why Offender Supervision Does Not Work
The Invention of Probation and Parole: Treatment and Control
The Limited Effectiveness of Offender Supervision
Why Treatment Does Not Work
Why Control Does Not Work
Conclusion: A New Paradigm for Offender Supervision
Chapter 2: Why Opportunity Matters
The Evolution of Crime Science
Crime Science and Opportunity Reduction
Conclusion: Opportunity-Reduction Supervision
Chapter 3: How to Supervise Offenders
Current Offender Supervision Practices
Introduction to Environmental Corrections Supervision
Identifying Exposure to Crime Opportunities
Considering Gender
Creating the Offender’s Case Plan
Modifying the Offender’s Case Plan
Graduated Consequences
Earned Discharge and Aftercare
Chapter 4: Developing Offender Supervision Technology
Offender Assessment and Classification
Identifying Opportunities for Crime
Opportunity-Reduction Case Plans
Chapter 5: Getting Offenders to Think Right
Reducing Propensity
Opportunity Resistance
Opportunity Avoidance
Chapter 6: How the Police Can Help
Increasing the Supervision of Offenders
Increasing the Supervision of Targets and Places
Increasing the Surveillance by Crime Controllers
Chapter 7: Making Offender Supervision Work
Lesson #1: Punishment Does Not Work Well
Lesson #2: Reducing Crime Opportunities Reduces Crime
Lesson #3: Environmental Corrections Can Reduce Crime Opportunities
Lesson #4: Crime Opportunities Must Be Assessed
Lesson #5: Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques Can Help
Lesson #6: The Police Make Excellent Community Corrections Partners
Lesson #7: Research Is Needed
Lesson #8: Opportunity-Reduction Supervision Can Work

John E. Eck is Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati, where he teaches police effectiveness and crime prevention. He received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees from the University of Michigan, and his doctorate from the University of Maryland’s Department of Criminology. Professor Eck has conducted research into police operations since 1977, and served as the Research Director for the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF).  At PERF, he spearheaded the development of problem-oriented policing throughout the U.S. He was also the Evaluation Coordinator for Law Enforcement at the Washington/Baltimore High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area, and a consultant to the London Metropolitan Police, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Police Foundation, and other organizations.  His research has focused on the development of problem-oriented policing, police effectiveness, crime patterns, and crime prevention. He is particularly interested in concentrations of crime in very small areas, how these form, and what can be done to prevent crime at these places.  Professor Eck was a member of the National Academy of Science’s Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices. He is the coauthor (with Ronald Clarke) of Crime Analysis for Problem-Solvers: In 60 Small Steps, as well as the coauthor of many publications on problem-oriented policing, crime mapping, crime prevention, and problem places. He is a coauthor of the forthcoming Place Matters: Criminology for the 21st Century (Cambridge University Press).