Mohamed Ben-Daya & Uday Kumar 
Introduction to Maintenance Engineering [PDF ebook] 
Modelling, Optimization and Management

Preface xxxi
Acknowledgments xxxv
Abbreviations xxxvii
1 An Overview 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Classification of Engineered Objects 4
1.3 Performance of Engineered Objects 10
1.4 Maintenance 12
1.5 Evolution of Maintenance 15
1.6 Focus of the Book 17
1.7 Structure and Outline of the Book 18
Part A Maintenance Engineering and Technology 23
2 Basics of Reliability Theory 25
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Decomposition of an Engineered Object 26
2.3 Functions, Failures, and Faults 27
2.4 Characterization of Degradation 31
2.5 Reliability Concept and Characterization 33
2.6 Linking System and Component Failures 36
2.7 Reliability Theory 45
2.8 Summary 45
3 System Degradation and Failure 51
3.1 Introduction 52
3.2 Failure Mechanisms 52
3.3 Classification of Failure Mechanisms 54
3.4 Dynamic Nature of Stress and Strength 61
3.5 Degradation of Products and Plants 62
3.6 Degradation of Infrastructures 64
3.7 Failure Mechanisms and Maintenance 68
3.8 Summary 68
4 Maintenance – Basic Concepts 73
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Types of Maintenance Actions 74
4.3 Preventive Maintenance Actions 77
4.4 Corrective Maintenance Actions 83
4.5 Design Out Maintenance 85
4.6 Uptime and Downtime 86
4.7 Warranty and Maintenance 88
4.8 Maintenance of Products 90
4.9 Maintenance of Plants and Facilities 95
4.10 Maintenance of Infrastructures 100
4.11 Effective Maintenance 102
4.12 Summary 103
5 Life Cycle of Engineered Objects 107
5.1 Introduction 108
5.2 Life Cycle Concept and Classification 108
5.3 Standard Objects 109
5.4 Custom?]Built Objects 113
5.5 Reliability: Product Life Cycle Perspective 115
5.6 Life Cycle Cost 118
5.7 Summary 120
6 Technologies for Maintenance 123
6.1 Introduction 124
6.2 Technology – An Overview 124
6.3 Assessing the State (Condition) of an Item 125
6.4 Sensors 129
6.5 Testing Technologies 137
6.6 Data?]Related Technologies 142
6.7 Technologies for Maintenance of Products 144
6.8 Technologies for Maintenance of Plants 144
6.9 Technologies for Maintenance of Infrastructures 148
6.10 Summary 151
7 Maintainability and Availability 155
7.1 Introduction 156
7.2 Maintainability – An Overview 156
7.3 Elements of Maintainability 158
7.4 Availability 161
7.5 Maintainability Process 163
7.6 Maintainability Standards 165
7.7 Relationship with Other Disciplines 166
7.8 Summary 167
Part B Reliability and Maintenance Modeling 171
8 Models and the Modeling Process 173
8.1 Introduction 174
8.2 Models 174
8.3 Mathematical Modeling 178
8.4 Approaches to Modeling 182
8.5 Mathematical Modeling Process 185
8.6 Statistics versus Probability Perspectives 189
8.7 Modeling of Maintenance Decision Problems 190
8.8 Summary 191
9 Collection and Analysis of Maintenance Data 195
9.1 Introduction 196
9.2 Data, Information, and Knowledge 196
9.3 Maintenance Data 199
9.4 Data Analysis 201
9.5 Descriptive Statistics 202
9.6 Inferential Statistics 212
9.7 Collection of Maintenance Data for Products 213
9.8 Collection of Maintenance Data for Plants 215
9.9 Collection of Maintenance Data for Infrastructures 218
9.10 Summary 220
10 Modeling First Failure 225
10.1 Introduction 226
10.2 One?]Dimensional Formulations 227
10.3 Two?]Dimensional Formulations 230
10.4 Properties of Distribution Functions 232
10.5 Preliminary Data Analysis and Plots 236
10.6 Selection of a Mathematical Formulation 241
10.7 Parameter Estimation 242
10.8 Model Validation 246
10.9 Examples 247
10.10 Summary 253
11 Modeling CM and PM Actions 257
11.1 Introduction 258
11.2 Modeling CM Actions 258
11.3 Modeling PM Actions 262
11.4 Repair Times and Downtimes 266
11.5 Maintenance Costs 269
11.6 Repair-Replace Decisions 272
11.7 Modeling Fleet and Infrastructure Maintenance 273
11.8 Summary 273
12 Modeling Subsequent Failures 277
12.1 Introduction 278
12.2 System Characterization for Modeling 278
12.3 Mathematical Formulations for Modeling 280
12.4 Subsequent Failures with Only CM Actions 283
12.5 Subsequent Failures with Both CM and PM Actions 285
12.6 Data?]Based Modeling 287
12.7 Summary 295
Part C Maintenance Decision Models and Optimization 299
13 Optimal Maintenance 301
13.1 Introduction 302
13.2 Framework for Optimal Maintenance Decisions 302
13.3 Maintenance Policy 303
13.4 Decision Parameters 304
13.5 Objective Function 305
13.6 Optimization Model 306
13.7 Information 306
13.8 Optimization 307
13.9 Summary 308
14 Maintenance Optimization for Non?]Repairable Items 311
14.1 Introduction 312
14.2 Preliminaries 312
14.3 Infinite Time Horizon 314
14.4 Group Replacement 322
14.5 Finite Time Horizon 323
14.6 Inspection Policies 325
14.7 Summary 327
15 Maintenance Optimization for Repairable Items 331
15.1 Introduction 332
15.2 Preliminaries 332
15.3 Group I Scenarios 334
15.4 Group II Scenarios 338
15.5 Group III Scenarios 344
15.6 Multi-Item Policies 350
15.7 Summary 351
16 Condition?]Based Maintenance 355
16.1 Introduction 356
16.2 Characterization of Degradation 357
16.3 Approach to CBM 359
16.4 Diagnostics, Prognostics, and CBM 364
16.5 Summary 382
Part D Maintenance Management 389
17 Maintenance Management 391
17.1 Introduction 392
17.2 Management 393
17.3 Maintenance Management 401
17.4 Maintenance Organization 403
17.5 Approaches to Maintenance 407
17.6 Risk and Maintenance 410
17.7 Maintenance Management System 415
17.8 Summary 417
18 Maintenance Outsourcing and Leasing 421
18.1 Introduction 422
18.2 Outsourcing 422
18.3 Maintenance Outsourcing 424
18.4 Framework for Maintenance Outsourcing Decision Making 426
18.5 Optimal Decisions 429
18.6 Leasing 436
18.7 MSCs for Products and Plants 438
18.8 Infrastructures 444
18.9 Summary 447
19 Maintenance Planning, Scheduling, and Control 451
19.1 Introduction 452
19.2 Maintenance Planning 452
19.3 Tactical?-Level Maintenance Planning 454
19.4 Operational?-Level Maintenance Planning 458
19.5 Maintenance Control 462
19.6 Maintenance Control System 464
19.7 Maintenance of Products 465
19.8 Maintenance of Plants 468
19.9 Maintenance of Infrastructures 470
19.10 Summary 471
20 Maintenance Logistics 475
20.1 Introduction 476
20.2 Logistics 476
20.3 Key Elements of Maintenance Logistics 478
20.4 Service Facilities 479
20.5 Human Resources 480
20.6 Inventories 480
20.7 New Item Inventory Management 484
20.8 Repairable Items Inventory Management 487
20.9 Maintenance Logistics for Products 488
20.10 Maintenance Logistics for Plants 491
20.11 Maintenance Logistics for Infrastructures 492
20.12 Summary 493
21 Maintenance Economics 497
21.1 Introduction 498
21.2 Basic Concepts and Terms 498
21.3 Capital Investment 502
21.4 Cost Elements of Capital Investment 505
21.5 Life Cycle Cost 506
21.6 Capital Equipment Replacement 509
21.7 Buy versus Lease Decisions 515
21.8 LCCA for Products and Plants 519
21.9 LCCA for Infrastructures 520
21.10 Summary 522
22 Computerized Maintenance Management Systems and e?]Maintenance 527
22.1 Introduction 528
22.2 Role of Technology in Maintenance Management 528
22.3 Computerized Maintenance Management Systems (CMMSs) 530
22.4 e-Maintenance 534
22.5 Applications of e?]Maintenance 538
22.6 Summary 543
Part E Case Studies 547
23 Case Studies 549
23.1 Introduction 549
23.2 Case Study 1 – Hydraulic Pump Maintenance 549
23.3 Case Study 2 – Maintenance of Rail Track 559
Part F Appendices 575
Appendix A: Introduction to Probability Theory 577
A.1 Basics of Probability 577
A.2 Random Variables 578
A.3 Characterization of a Univariate Random Variable 579
A.4 Some Basic Univariate Discrete Distribution Functions 580
A.5 Some Basic Univariate Continuous Distribution Functions 581
A.6 Bivariate Random Variables 587
A.7 Sums of Independent Random Variables 590
Appendix B: Introduction to Stochastic Processes 593
B.1 Basic Concept 593
B.2 Characterization of a Stochastic Process 593
B.3 Classification of Markov Processes 594
B.4 Point Processes 596
B.5 Poisson Processes 597
B.6 Renewal Processes 599
B.7 Marked Point Processes 603
Appendix C: Introduction to the Theory of Statistics 605
C.1 Introduction 605
C.2 Descriptive Statistics 605
C.3 Inferential Statistics 609
Appendix D: Introduction to Optimization 613
D.1 Introduction 613
D.2 Case A 615
D.3 Case B 617
D.4 Case C 619
D.5 Case D 622
Appendix E: Data Sets 625
Data Set E.1 Battery (Component of a Bus) 625
Data Set E.2 Automobile (Repair Costs) 625
Data Set E.3 Photocopier 625
Data Set E.4 Throttle Valve (Automobile Component) 628
Data Set E.5 Valve Seat Replacement for Diesel Engines 628
Data Set E.6 Heavy Vehicle 628
Data Set E.7 Buses 628
Data Set E.8 Buses 629
Data Set E.9 Hydraulic Pumps 631
Data Set E.10 Shock Absorber 634
References 634
Index 635

Mohamed Ben-Daya is a Professor in the Department of Systems Engineering at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. He received his Ph D in Operations Research from Georgia Institute of Technology, USA. His research interests are in the areas of production planning and scheduling, maintenance, quality control, supply chain management, and risk management in product development. He teaches course in the areas of facilities planning, Production and inventory control, scheduling, Quality control, Maintenance and reliability engineering and supply chain management. Dr. Ben-Daya is the Associate Editor of the Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering and on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Logistics. He has published over eighty papers in refereed journals and conference proceedings and co-edited five books.
Pra Murthy obtained B.E. and M.E. degrees from Jabalpur University and the Indian Institute of Science in India and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University. At The University of Queensland he was responsible for setting up the Technology Management Centre (offering master’s program in technology management) and Reliability Engineering and Risk Management Group (offering postgraduate programs in reliability and maintenance). He has held visiting appointments at fifteen universities in the USA, Europe and Asia. His current research interests include various aspects of reliability, maintenance, warranties and service contracts. He has authored or co-authored 20 book chapters, 165 journal papers and 150 conference papers. He is a co-author of 7, and co-editor of 3, books. He has run short courses for industry on various topics in technology management, operations management and post-sale support in Australia, Asia, Europe and the USA.
Uday Kumar obtained his B. Tech from IIT BHU, India and worked 7 years in industry before joining the postgraduate program of Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden to obtain a Ph D degree in field of Reliability and Maintenance Engineering during 1990. He worked as a Senior Lecturer and Associate Professor at Luleå University and joined University of Stavanger, Norway as a Professor of Mechanical Engineering (Maintenance) in 1997. In July 2001, he was appointed as a Professor of Operation and Maintenance Engineering at Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden. He has been guest faculty at Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Imperial College London and Stavanger University, University of Tromsö, Norway, University of Cincinnati, USA. His research interests are equipment maintenance, reliability and maintainability analysis, etc. He has published more than 275 papers in International Journals and Conference Proceedings.