Extrusion is by far the most important and the oldest processing
and shaping method for thermoplastic polymers. This process
concerns almost all synthetic polymers, as well as elastomers or
food materials. Single-screw extrusion is mainly used
nowadays to manufacture finished goods or semi-finished products.
More than 90 million tons of thermoplastics are therefore processed
every year.
Twin-screw extrusion may be divided into two systems:
contra-rotating systems used within the context of PVC extrusion,
for the manufacture of pipes or profiles; and co-rotating systems
experiencing nowadays a very significant development, because of
their significant adaptability and flexibility, which enables the
manufacture of specific materials (polymer alloys, thermoplastic
elastomers, filled polymers, nanocomposites). Extrusion is carried
out by passing molten polymer through a tool called die that will
give the product its final shape (films and sheets, rolled
products, and electric cables). Thanks to the design of dies, we
obtain at the output a product with controlled dimensions, uniform
speeds and homogeneous temperatures. The book will discuss the same
production types, but only in the case of coextrusion flows, i.e.
multilayer stratified products. First of all, we will present
in this book the physics of the mechanisms at stake, then propose
more or less complex models in order to describe these mechanisms
and then go forward in the interpretation of results and the
control of condition flows.
Зміст
Introduction ix
Chapter 1 Continuum Mechanics, Rheology and Heat Transfer Overview 1
1.1 Continuum mechanics 1
1.2 Rheology 7
1.3 Heat transfer [CAR 59, BIR 60, AGA 14] 11
1.4 Bibliography 19
Chapter 2 Calculation Methods 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 1D solutions 22
2.3 2D solutions 28
2.4 Bibliography 34
Chapter 3 Single-Screw Extrusion 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Geometry and approximations 39
3.3 Solid conveying zone 45
3.4 Melting zone 73
3.5 Metering zone 85
3.6 Overall model 95
3.7 Technological improvements 99
3.8 Conclusion 105
3.9 Bibliography 105
Chapter 4 Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extrusion 109
4.1 Twin-screw extrusion 109
4.2 General overview of co-rotating twin-screw extruders 113
4.3 Solid conveying zone 120
4.4 Melting zone 121
4.5 Flow in the molten state 128
4.6 An overall model of twin-screw extrusion 151
4.7 Compounding application and production of complex materials 162
4.8 Conclusion 198
4.9 Bibliography 198
Chapter 5 Profile Extrusion 211
5.1 Profile extrusion 211
5.2 Pipe extrusion 229
5.3 Calibrators 240
5.4 Conclusion 241
5.5 Bibliography 241
Chapter 6 Production of Films and Sheets 245
6.1 Introduction 245
6.2 Cast film extrusion 249
6.3 Film blowing 256
6.4 Conclusion 298
6.5 Bibliography 298
Chapter 7 Wire Coating and Cable Insulation 305
7.1 General process 306
7.2 Commonly encountered problems 310
7.3 Analyses and solutions 310
7.4 Conclusion 330
7.5 Bibliography 331
Index 335
Про автора
Pierre G. Lafleur is Professor of Chemical Engineering at école Polytechnique de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Bruno Vergnes is Senior Scientist at CEMEF – MINES Paris Tech in France.
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