Recognizing the increasing importance of environmental issues, energy prices, material availability and efficiency and the difficulty of adequately managing these issues in traditional accounting systems, several companies all over the world have started implementing “Environmental and Material Flow Cost Accounting” (EMA and MFCA).
“Environmental and Material Flow Costs Accounting” explains and updates the approach developed for the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DSD/UNDESA) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and in addition includes experiences of several case studies and recent developments regarding EMA and MFCA in national statistics and ISO standardization.
Mục lục
Foreword.- Executive Summary.- 1. What is EMA and why is it relevant?- 1.1 The issues behind EMA.- 1.2. Challenges for current accounting practices.- 1.3. Definition of environmental costs and environmental managementaccounting (EMA).- 1.4. Monetary accounting.- 1.5. Physical accounting.- 1.6. EMA Links to Financial, Statistical, Environmental and Sustainability Reporting Requirements.- 1.7. EMA uses and benefits.- 2. The input side of the material flow balance.- 2.1 Overview on material flow balances.- 2.2. Raw Materials.- 2.3 Auxiliary Materials.- 2.4. Merchandise.- 2.5 Packaging.- 2.6. Operating Materials.- 2.7. Energy.- 2.8. Water.- 3. The output side of the material flow balance.- 3.1 Products and by-products.- 3.2. Non-Product Outputs (Waste and Emissions).- 4. Environmental performance indicators.- 4.1 ISO 14031 – Standard on environmental performance evaluation.- 4.2 Environmental performance indicators of GRI.- 4.3 General requirements for indicator systems.- 4.4 System boundaries for performance indicators.- 4.5 The problem of finding a meaningful denominator.- 4.6 Calculating savings based on performance indicators.- 5. Environmentally relevant equipment.- 5.1 Classification of environmentally relevant equipment.- 5.2 Environmental investments according to SEEA and CEPA.- 6. Monetary information.- 6.1 Overview on the EMA cost categories in the Excel template for total annual environmental costs.- 6.2 Distribution by environmental domain.- 6.3 Material Costs of Non-Product Output.- 6.4 Waste and emission control costs.- 6.5 Costs for Prevention and other Environmental Management Costs.- 6.6 Research and Development Costs.- 6.7 Environmental Earnings and Savings.- 6.8 Case study of SCA Laakirchen pulp and paper plant.- 7. Linking physical and monetary information.- 7.1 Environmental expenditure in the profit and loss statement.- 7.2 Improving the Consistency of Materials Inputs and Product and Non-Product Output.- 7.3 Tracing Materials in corporate information systems.- 7.4 Cost accounting basics and terminology.- 7.5 Mapping costs centers, production planning and technical monitoring.- 7.6 Activity based costing.- 7.7 Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA).- 7.8 Investment appraisal and budgeting.- 7.9. Benchmarking production sites.- 8. Case study of a brewery.- 8.1 Working with the EMA excel templates.- 8.2 The material flow balance.- 8.3 The brewery, its production flow and cost centers.- 8.4 Total annual environmental costs.- 9. How to organize an EMA pilot project.- 9.1 Defining system boundaries and sites for pilot testing.- 9.2 Developing a project plan.- 9.3 Extracting EMA data from Enterprise Resource Planning Systems.- 9.4 Elements of an internal EMA standard.- 9.5 Summary of recommendations from case studies.- 9.6 Outlook.- 10. Annex.- 10.1 Checklists for environmental costs by environmental domains.- References.- Index.
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