Although most Americans attribute shifting practices in the financial industry to the invisible hand of the market, Mark H. Rose reveals the degree to which presidents, legislators, regulators, and even bankers themselves have long taken an active interest in regulating the industry.
In 1971, members of Richard Nixon’s Commission on Financial Structure and Regulation described the banks they sought to create as ‘supermarkets.’ Analogous to the twentieth-century model of a store at which Americans could buy everything from soft drinks to fresh produce, supermarket banks would accept deposits, make loans, sell insurance, guide mergers and acquisitions, and underwrite stock and bond issues. The supermarket bank presented a radical departure from the financial industry as it stood, composed as it was of local savings and loans, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual funds, and insurance firms. Over the next four decades, through a process Rose describes as ‘grinding politics, ‘ supermarket banks became the guiding model of the financial industry. As the banking industry consolidated, it grew too large while remaining too fragmented and unwieldy for politicians to regulate and for regulators to understand—until, in 2008, those supermarket banks, such as Citigroup, needed federal help to survive and prosper once again.
Rose explains the history of the financial industry as a story of individuals—some well-known, like Presidents Kennedy, Carter, Reagan, and Clinton; Treasury Secretaries Donald Regan and Timothy Geithner; and JP Morgan CEO Jamie Dimon; and some less so, though equally influential, such as Kennedy’s Comptroller of the Currency James J. Saxon, Citicorp CEO Walter Wriston, and Bank of America CEOs Hugh Mc Coll and Kenneth Lewis. Rose traces the evolution of supermarket banks from the early days of the Kennedy administration, through the financial crisis of 2008, and up to the Trump administration’s attempts to modify bank rules. Deeply researched and accessibly written, Market Rules demystifies the major trends in the banking industry and brings financial policy to life.
Mục lục
Preface
Introduction. Politics and the Markets They Made
PART I. LAWMAKERS AND REGULATORS
Chapter 1. Deregulation Before Deregulation: John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and James Saxon
Chapter 2. Supermarket Banks: Richard Nixon and Donald Regan
PART II. BANKERS IN POLITICS
Chapter 3. Rescuing Banks Through Growth: Walter Wriston and Citicorp
Chapter 4. A Marine in Banker’s Clothing: Hugh Mc Coll and North Carolina National Bank
PART III. NEW REGIMES FOR BANKERS
Chapter 5. Full-Service Banks: Bill Clinton and Sandy Weill
Chapter 6. God’s Work in Finance: Ken Lewis, Charles Prince, Richard Fuld, and Henry Paulson
Chapter 7. Reregulating the Regulators: Barack Obama and Timothy Geithner
Epilogue. Another Round of Bank Politics
Notes
Index
Acknowledgments
Giới thiệu về tác giả
Mark H. Rose is Professor of History at Florida Atlantic University. He is author or editor of several books, including The Best Transportation System in the World, also available from the University of Pennsylvania Press.
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